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187 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
abstract of title
The condensed history of a title to a particular parcel of real estate, consisting of a summary of the original grant and all subsequent conveyances and encumbrances affecting the property and a certification by the abstractor that the history is complete and accurate.
acceleration clause
The clause in a mortgage or trust deed that can be enforced to make the entire debt due immediately if the mortgagor defaults on an installment payment or other covenant.
acceptance
A promise by the offeree to be bound by the exact terms proposed by the offeror.
accession
Acquiring title to additions or improvements to real property as a result of the annexation of fixtures or the accretion of alluvial deposits along the banks of streams.
accretion
The increase or addition of land by the deposit of sand or soil washed up naturally from a river, lake, or sea.
accrued depreciation
Loss in value resulting from the property's physical deterioration, external depreciation (decrease in price), and functional obsolescence.
accrued items
On a closing statement, expense items that are incurred but not yet payable, such as interest on a mortgage loan or taxes on real property.
acknowledgment
A formal declaration made before a duly authorized officer, usually a notary public, by a person who has signed a document.
actual eviction
The result of legal action, originated by a lessor, whereby a defaulted tenant is physically ousted from the rented property pursuant to a court order.
actual notice
Express information or fact; that which is known; direct knowledge.
addenda Additional
material attached to and made part of a document, as in a supplement added to an agreement of sale.
adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM)
A loan characterized by a fluctuating interest rate, usually one tied to a bank or savings and loan association cost-of-funds index.
ad valorem tax
A tax levied according to value;
generally used to refer to real estate tax. Also called the general tax.
adverse possession
The actual, visible, hostile, notori- ous, exclusive, and continuous possession of another's land under a claim of title. Possession for a statutory period may be a means of acquiring title.
affiliated business arrangement (AfBA)
A package of business arrangements between real estate brokerage firms and affiliated mortgage companies or other settlement service providers, when there is more than a 1 percent common ownership between the companies. RESPA requires that consumers be informed of the availability and costs of other lenders.
agency
The relationship between a principal and an agent, wherein the agent is authorized to represent the principal in certain transactions.
agency coupled with an interest
with an interest An agency relationship in which the agent is given an estate or interest in the subject of the agency (the property).
agent
One who acts or has the power to act for another. A fiduciary relationship is created under the law of agency when a principal authorizes a licensed real estate broker to be the principal's agent.
agreement of sale
An offer to purchase that has been accepted by the seller and has become a binding contract.
air lot
A designated airspace over a piece of land. An air lot, like surface property, may be transferred.
air rights
The right to use the open space above a property, generally allowing the surface to be used for another purpose.
alienation clause
The clause in a mortgage that states that the balance of the secured debt becomes immediately due and payable at the mortgagee's option if the mortgagor sells the property. In effect, this clause prevents the mortgagor from assigning the debt without the mortgagee's approval.
amendment
A change to the existing content of a con- tract (i.e., if words or provisions are added to or deleted from the body of the contract). Must be initialed by all parties.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
A federal law passed in 1990 to open doors, both figuratively and liter- ally, for people with disabilities to become part of the economic and social mainstream of society. The law mandates equal access to employment and goods and services. Title 1 prohibits discriminatory employment practices. Title III requires anyone providing goods and services to the pub- lic to make them accessible by removing architectural and communications barriers and, if that is not readily achiev- able, to provide reasonable accommodations to people with disabilities.
amortized loan
A loan in which the principal as well as the interest is payable in monthly or other periodic installments over the term of the loan.
annexation
The process of converting personal property into real property.
anticipation
The appraisal principle that holds that value can increase or decrease based on the expectation of some future benefit or detriment produced by the property.
antitrust laws
Laws designed to preserve the free enterprise of the open marketplace by making illegal certain private conspiracies and combinations formed to minimize competition. Violations of antitrust laws in the real estate business generally involve group boycotting (brokers con- spiring to avoid working with a competitor), price-fixing (brokers conspiring to set fixed compensation rates), or allocation of customers or markets (brokers agreeing to limit their areas of trade or dealing to certain areas or properties).
appraisal
An estimate of the quantity, quality, or value of something. The process through which conclusions of property value are obtained; also refers to the report that sets forth the process of estimation and conclusion of value.
appraiser
A person who prepares a professional opinion of estimated value. By state licensing law, only persons who are properly qualified and certified are permitted to engage in appraisal activities of real estate and prepare appraisal reports.
appurtenance
A right, privilege, or improvement belonging to, and passing with, the land.
appurtenant easement
An easement that is annexed to the ownership of one parcel and allows the owner the use of the neighbor's land.
area preference
People's desire for one area over another, based on a number of factors such as history, reputation, convenience, scenic beauty, and location.
asbestos
A mineral once used in insulation and other materials that can cause respiratory diseases.
assemblage
The combining of two or more adjoining lots into one larger tract to increase total value.
assessment
The imposition of a tax, charge, or levy, usually according to established rates.
assignment
The transfer in writing of interest in a bond, mortgage, lease, or other instrument.
associate broker
A person licensed as a real estate broker who chooses to work under the supervision of another broker.
attachment
The act of taking a person's property into legal custody by writ or other judicial order to hold it avail- able for application to that person's debt to a creditor.
attorney's opinion of title
An abstract of title that an attorney has examined and has certified to be, in the attorney's opinion, an accurate statement of the facts concerning the property ownership.
bargain and sale deed
A deed that carries with it no warranties against liens or other encumbrances but that does imply that the grantor has the right to convey title. The grantor may add warranties to the deed at his or her discretion.
base line
The main imaginary line running east and west and crossing a principal meridian at a definite point, used by surveyors for reference in locating and describing land under the rectangular (government) survey system of legal description.
benchmark
A permanent reference mark or point estab- lished for use by surveyors in measuring differences in elevation
blanket loan
A mortgage covering more than one par- cel of real estate, providing for each parcel's partial release from the mortgage lien upon repayment of a definite por- tion of the debt. I I
blockbusting
The illegal practice of attempting, for profit, to induce homeowners to sell their properties by making representations about the entry or prospective entry of persons in the protected classes into the neighbor- hood. Also known as panic selling
breach of contract
Violation of any terms or conditions in a contract without legal excuse; for example, failure to make a payment when it is due.
broker
One who buys and sells for another for a commis- sion. In real estate, a broker must be properly licensed to perform certain activities specified in the real estate license laws and collect compensation.
brokerage
The bringing together of parties interested in making a real estate transaction.
broker/appraiser
A real estate broker who is licensed by the Certified Appraisers Act in Pennsylvania to perform appraisals on properties for nonfederally related transac- tions under $250,000.
broker of record
The individual broker responsible for the real estate transactions and activities of licensees in a partnership or corporation.
broker price opinion (BPO)
An opinion of real estate value commissioned by a bank or an attorney and provided by a broker; not an appraisal.
brownfields
Contaminated properties that have long sat idle because of significant pollution associated with their prior industrial use.
budget comparison statement
Compares actual results with the original budget, often giving either percentages or a numerical variance of actual versus projected income and expenses.
buffer zone
A strip of land, usually designated as a park or for a similar use, separating land dedicated to one use from land dedicated to anothet-use (e.g., residential from commercial).
builder-owner salesperson
builder-owner salesperson An individual who is a full- time employee of the owner or builder of single-family or multifamily residences who is licensed to perform certain acts on behalf of the builder-owner
building codes
Ordinances that specify minimum stan- dards of construction for buildings to protect public safety and health.
building permit
Written governmental permission for the construction, alteration, or demolition of an improve- ment, showing compliance with building codes and zoning ordinances
bundle of legal rights
rights The concept of land ownership that includes ownership of all legal rights to the land— for example, possession, control within the law, and enjoyment.
business name
The name in which the broker's license is issued. Anytime the name of the business appears, it must be represented exactly as it appears on the broker's license.
buy down
A financing technique used to reduce the monthly payments for the first few years of a loan. Funds in the form of discount points are given to the lender by the builder or seller to buy down or lower the effective interest rate paid by the buyer, thus reducing the monthly payments for a set time.
buyer agency agreement
A principal-agent relationship in which the broker is the agent for the buyer, with fidu- ciary responsibilities to the buyer. The broker represents the buyer under the law of agency
campground membership
An interest, other than in fee simple or by lease, that gives the purchaser the right to use a unit of real property for the purpose of locating a recreational vehicle, trailer, tent, camper, or other simi- lar device on a periodic basis pursuant to a membership contract.
campground membership salesperson
A licensee who, either as an employee or an independent contractor, sells campground memberships under the supervision of a broker.
capital gain
Profit earned from the sale of an asset.
capitalization rate
The rate of return a property will pro- duce on the owner's investment.
carbon monoxide (CO)
A colorless, odorless gas that occurs as a natural by-product of combustion that in high concentrations can cause serious health problems and even death. Malfunctioning or improperly ventilated fiiel- burning equipment (furnaces, stoves, and fireplaces) are often the culprits.
cash flow report
A monthly statement that details the financial status of the property.
cemetery associate broker
A licensed cemetery broker employed by another cemetery broker or broker. j
cemetery broker
An individual or entity licensed to engage exclusively in the sale of cemetery lots, plots, and mausoleum spaces or openings.
cemetery salesperson
A licensee employed by a broker or cemetery broker to sell cemetery lots exclusively. ,
certificate of occupancy
Permission by the municipal inspector to occupy a completed building structure after it has been inspected and complies with building codes. !
certificate of reasonable value (CRV)
A form indicating the appraised value of a property being financed with a VA loan.
certificate of title
A statement of opinion on the status of the title to a parcel of real property based on an exami- , nation of specified public records.
certified general real estate appraiser
An individual who is certified under the state Certified Appraisers Act to perform appraisals of any type or value of property for federally related real estate transactions.
certified residential real estate appraiser
An individual who is certified under the state Certified Appraisers Act to perform residential (one- to four-unit dwellings) appraisals for federally related real estate transactions.
chain of title
The succession of conveyances, from some accepted starting point, whereby the present holder of real property derives title.
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals used in air conditioners and refrigerators. CFCs are safe in application but cause ozone depletion.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
An act that prohibits racial discrimination in the sale and rental of housing.
Comprehensive Loss Underwriting Exchange (CLUE)
A database of consumer claims history that allows insur- ance companies to access prior claims information in the underwriting and rating process.
c
comprehensive plan
A plan to guide the long-term physical development of a particular area.
conciliation
The resolution of a fair housing complaint by HUD by obtaining assurance that the person against whom the complaint was filed (the respondent) will remedy any violation that may have occurred and will take steps to eliminate and or prevent discriminatory practices in the future.
condemnation
A judicial or administrative proceeding to exercise the power of eminent domain, through which a government agency takes private property for public use and compensates the owner. See eminent domain.
conditional-use permit
Written governmental permission allowing a use inconsistent with zoning but necessary for the common good, such as locating an emergency med- ical facility in a predominantly residential area.
condominium
The absolute ownership of a unit in a mul- tiunit building based on a legal description of the airspace the unit actually occupies, plus an undivided interest in the ownership of the common elements, which are owned jointly with the other condominium unit owners.
conformity
The appraisal principle that holds that the greater the similarity among properties in an area, the bet- ter they will hold their value.
consideration
(1) That received by grantors in exchange for their deed. (2) Something of value that induces a per- son to enter into a contract.
construction loan
A short-term loan usually made during the construction phase of a building project (may be called interim financing).
constructive eviction
Actions of a landlord that so materially disturb or impair a tenant's enjoyment of the leased premises that the tenant is effectively forced to move out and terminate the lease without liability for any further rent.
constructive notice
Notice given to the world by recorded documents. All people are charged with knowledge of such documents and their contents, whether or not they have actually examined them. Possession of property is also considered constructive notice that the person in possession has an interest in the property.
consumer
A person who is the recipient of any real estate service, as defined by Pennsylvania's licensing law. This person may receive client or customer services, depending on the nature of the relationship established with the real estate broker.
deed in lieu of foreclosure
deed in lieu of foreclosure A deed given by the mort- gagor to the mortgagee when the mortgagor is in default under the terms of the mortgage. This is a way for the mortgagor to avoid foreclosure.
deed in trust
An instrument that grants a trustee full power to sell, mortgage, and subdivide a parcel of real estate. The beneficiary controls the trustee's use of these powers under the provisions of the trust agreement.
deed of trust
An instrument used to create a mortgage lien by which the borrower conveys title to a trust, which holds it as security for rhe benefit of the note holder (the lender); also called a trust deed.
deed restriction
A clause in a deed limiting the future use of the property. Deed restrictions may impose a vast variety of limitations and conditions—for example, they may limit the density of buildings, dictate the types of structures that can be erected, or prevent buildings from being used for specific purposes or even from being used at all.
defeasance clause
A clause used in leases and mortgages that cancels a specified right upon the occurrence of a certain condition, such as cancellation of a mortgage upon repayment of the mortgage loan.
defeasible fee estate
An estate in which the holder has a fee simple title that may be divested upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a specified event. There are two categories of defeasible fee estates: fee simple on condition precedent (fee simple determinable) and fee simple on condition subsequent.
deficiency judgment
A personal judgment levied against the borrower when a foreclosure sale does not produce suf- ficient funds to pay the mortgage debt in full. '
easement in gross
An easement that is not created for the benefit of any land owned by the owner of the ease- ment but that attaches personally to the easement owner. For example, a right granted by woman to a man to use a portion of her property for the rest of his life would be an easement in gross.
economic life
The number of years during which an improvement will add value to the land.
electronic contracting
A process of integrating information electronically in a real estate transaction between clients, lender, and title and closing agents.
electromagnetic fields (EMFs)
The movement of electrical currents, especially noticeable around high-voltage lines, secondary transmission lines, and transformers, that some people assert is a health hazards.
elevation certificate
A form supplied by a licensed surveyor certifying building elevations and required to show compliance with community floodplain regulations and determine appropriate insurance rates.
emblements
Growing crops, such as grapes and com, which are produced annually through labor and industry; also called fructus industrials.
eminent domain
The right of a government or municipal quasi-public body to acquire property for public use through the legal process called condemnation.
employee
employee Someone who works as a direct employee of an employer and has employee status. The employer is obligated to withhold income taxes and Social Security taxes from the compensation of employees. See also independent contractor.
enabling acts
State legislation that confers zoning powers on municipal governments. , ,
encapsulation
A method of controlling environmental contamination by sealing off a dangerous substance.
encroachment
A building or some portion of it—a wall or a fence, for instance—that extends beyond the land of the owner and illegally intrudes on some land of an adjoining owner or a street or alley.
encumbrance Anything
encumbrance Anything—such as a mortgage, a tax, a judgment lien, an easement, a restriction on the use of the land, or an outstanding dower right—that may diminish the value of a property.
environmental impact statement (EIS)
A statement that details the effect a federally funded project will have on the environment.
environmental site assessment (ESA)
An evaluation of property to show that due care was exercised in the determination of environmental impairments.
exclusive agency
listing A listing contract under which the owner appoints a real estate broker as his or her exclusive agent for a designated period of time to sell the prop erty, on the owner's stated terms, for a commission. The owner reserves the right to sell without paying anyone a commission if the sale is to a prospect who has not been introduced or claimed by the broke
exclusive-right-to-sell listing
A listing contract under which owners appoint a real estate broker as their exclusive agent for a designated period, to sell the property on the owners' stated terms, and agree to pay the broker a commission when the property is sold, whether by the broker, the owners, or another broke
executed contract
A contract in which all parties have fulfilled their promises and thus performed the contract.
executory contract
A contract under which something remains to be done by one or more of the parties
express agency
An agency relationship based on a formal agreement between the parties.
express contract
An oral or written contract in which the parties state the contract's terms and express their intentions in words.
external depreciation
Reduction in a property's value caused by outside factors (those that are off the property).
factory-built housing Dwellings that are built off-site and trucked to a building lot where they are installed or assembled.
Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA)
The federal law that requires each of the three major credit bureaus to provide a free credit report every 12 months upon request. Agencies are required to assist consumers and to correct mistakes.
Fair Housing Amendments Act
Expansion of the Fair Housing Act to include families with children and those with physical or mental disabilities. j
familial status
One or more individuals under age 18 living with a parent or guardian. It also includes pregnant women and anyone in the process of assuming custody of a child under 18.
Fannie Mae
A government-sponsored enterprise established to purchase any kind of mortgage loans in the secondary mortgage market from the primary lenders; formerly known as the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA).
Farm Service Agency (FSA)
An agency of the federal government that provides credit assistance to farmers and other individuals who live in rural areas; formerly known as the Farmers Home Administration.
Federal Reserve
(the Fed) The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy rates. by regulating the supply of money and interest rates
functional obsolescence
functional obsolescence A loss of value to an improvement to real estate arising from functional problems, often caused by age or poor design.
future interest
A person's present right to an interest in real property that will not result in possession or enjoy- ment until sometime in the future, such as a reversion or right of reentry.
general agent
One who is authorized by a principal to represent the principal in a range of matters.
general lien
The right of a creditor to have all of a debtor's property—both real and personal-—sold to satisfy a debt.
general partnership
A general partnership is a typical form of joint venture in which each general partner shares in the administration, profits, and losses of the operation.
general warranty deed
A deed to the premises. It is used in most real estate deed transfers and offers the greatest protection of any deed.
Ginnie Mae
A governmental agency that plays an important role in the secondary mortgage market. It sells mortgage-backed securities that are backed by pools of FHA and VA loans; formerly known as the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA).
Good Faith Estimate (GFE)
The form used to provide an estimate of all closing fees to a borrower within three days of the loan application as required by the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA).
grantee
A person who receives a conveyance of real property from a grantor.
granting clause
Words in a deed of conveyance that state the grantor's intention to convey the property at the present time. This clause is generally worded as "convey and warrant," "grant," "grant, bargain, and sell," or the like.
grantor
The person transferring title to or an interest in real property to a grantee.
gross income multiplier (GIM)
A figure used as a mul- tiplier of the gross annual income of a property to produce an estimate of the property's value. ,
gross lease
A lease of property according to which a landlord pays all property charges regularly incurred through ownership, such as repairs, taxes, insurance pre- miums, and operating expenses. Most residential leases are gross leases.
gross rent multiplier (GRM)
The figure used as a multi- plier of the gross monthly income of a property to produce an estimate of the property's value.
ground lease
A lease of land only, on which the tenant usually owns a building or is required to build as specified in the lease. Such leases are usually long-term net leases; the tenant's rights and obligations continue until the lease expires or terminates through default.
income approach
The process of estimating the value of an income-producing property through capitalization of the annual net income expected to be produced by the property during its remaining useful life
independent contractor
Someone who is retained to perform a certain act but who is subject to the control and direction of another only as to the end result and not as to the way in which the act is performed. Unlike an employee, an independent contractor pays for all expenses and Social Security, and income taxes, and receives no employee benefits. Many real estate salespersons are independent contractor
index
An objective economic indicator to which the interest rate for an adjustable-rate mortgage is tied.
Index Method
The appraisal method of estimating building costs by multiplying the original cost of the property by a percentage factor to adjust for current construction cost
installment contract
A contract for the sale of real estate whereby the purchase price is paid in periodic installments by the purchaser, who is in possession of the property even though title is retained by the seller until a future date, which may not be until final payment; also called a con- tract for deed or articles of agreement for warranty deed.
interest
A charge made by a lender for the use of money.
Internet advertising
A powerful computer tool for providing information about properties, relocation services, and particular communities; however, state laws do apply
Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act
A federal law that regulates the sale of certain real estate in interstate commerce.
intestate The condition of a property owner who dies without leaving a valid will. Title to the property will pass to the decedent's heirs as provided in the state law of descent. ^ ^
The condition of a property owner who dies without leaving a valid will. Title to the property will pass to the decedent's heirs as provided in the state law of descent.
inverse condemnation
An action brought by a property owner seeking just compensation for land taken for public use when the taker of the property does not intend to bring eminent domain proceedings. Property is condemned because its use and value have been diminished due to an adjacent property's public use.
involuntary alienation
The act of involuntarily transferring property to another, such as through eminent domain or adverse possession.
involuntary lien
A lien placed on property without the consent of the property owner.
Joint
Ownership of real estate between two or more parties who have been named in one conveyance as joint tenants. Upon the death of a joint tenant, the decedent's interest passes to the surviving joint tenant or tenants by the right of survivorship.
life estate
An interest in real or personal property that is limited in duration to the lifetime of its owner or some other designated person or persons.
Limited liability Company LLC
A limited partnership is a business arrangement whereby the operation is administered by one or more general partners and funded, by and large, by limited or silent partners, who are by law responsible for losses only to the extent of their investments.
liquidated damages
liquidated damages An amount predetermined by the parties to a contract as the total compensation to an injured party should the other party breach the contract.
List Pendance
A recorded legal document giving constructive notice that an action affecting a particular property has been filed in either state or federal court.
listing agreement
A contract between an owner (as principal) and a real estate broker (as agent) by which the broker is employed as agent to find a buyer for the owner's real estate on the owner's terms, for which service the owner agrees to pay a commission.
littoral rights
(1) Landowners' claim to use water in large navigable lakes and oceans adjacent to their property. (2) The ownership rights to land bordering these bodies of water up to the high-water mark.
loan origination fee
A fee charged to the borrower by the lender for making a mortgage loan. The fee is usually computed as a percentage of the loan amount.
loan-to-value (LTV) ratio
The relationship between the amount of the mortgage loan and the value of the real estate being pledged as collateral.
management agreement
A contract between the owner of income property and a management firm or individual property manager that outlines the scope of the manager's authority.
management plan
A highly detailed plan that lays out the owner's objectives with the property, as well as what the property manager wants to accomplish and how, including all budgetary information.
manufactured housing
Dwellings built to HUD specifications that are at least 320 square feet and on a permanent chassis.
margin
A premium added to the index rate representing the lender's cost of doing business.
Mortgage Disclosure Improvement Act (MDIA)
A federal law that dictates the timeliness of certain disclosures that affect the date of closings.
mortgage insurance premium (MIP)
The FHA insur- ance that the borrower is charged with a percentage of the loan as a premium.
mortgagee
A lender in a mortgage loan transaction
mortgage lien
A lien or charge on the property of a mortgagor that secures the underlying debt obligations.
mortgagor
A borrower in a mortgage loan transaction.
multi peril
policies Insurance policies that offer protection from a range of potential perils, such as those of a fire, hazard, public liability, and casualty.
multiple listing service (MLS)
A marketing organization composed of member brokers who agree to share their listing agreements with one another in hopes of procuring ready, willing, and able buyers for their properties more quickly than they could on their own. |
National Do Not Call Registry
A national registry, managed by the Federal Trade Commission, which lists the phone numbers of consumers who have indicated their preference to limit the telemarketing calls they receive.
net lease
A lease requiring the tenant to pay not only rent but also costs incurred in maintaining the property, including taxes, insurance, utilities, and repairs.
net listing
A listing based on the net price the seller will receive if the property is sold. Under a net listing, the broker can offer the property for sale at the highest price obtainable to increase the commission. This type of listing is illegal in many states.
non agent
An intermediary between a buyer and a seller, or a landlord and a tenant, who assists one or both parties with a transaction without representing either; also known as a facilitator, transaction broker, transaction coordinator, and contract broker.
nonconforming use
A use of property that is permitted to continue after a zoning ordinance prohibiting it has been established for the area.
non homogeneity
A lack of uniformity; dissimilarity. Because no two parcels of land are exactly alike, real estate is said to be nonhomogeneous.
novation
Substituting a new obligation for an old one or substituting new parties to an existing obligation.
offer
A promise made by one party requesting something in exchange for that promise with the intention that the offerer will be bound to the terms if the offer is accepted.
open-end loan
A mortgage loan that is expandable b increments up to a maximum dollar amount, the full loan being secured by the same original mortgage.
physical deterioration
A reduction in a property's value resulting from a decline in physical condition; can be caused by action of the elements or by ordinary wear and tear.
planned unit development (PUD)
A planned combination of diverse land uses, such as housing, recreation, and shopping, in one contained development or subdivision
plat
A detailed map that illustrates the geographic boundaries of individual lots.
plottage
The increase in value or utility resulting from the consolidation (assemblage) of two or more adjacent lots into one larger lot.
point of beginning (POB)
point of beginning (POB) In a metes-and-bounds legal description, the starting point of the survey, situated in one comer of the parcel; all metes-and-bounds descriptions must follow the boundaries of the parcel back to the point of beginning.
police power
The government's right to impose laws, statutes, and ordinances, including zoning ordinances and building codes, to protect the public health, safety, and welfare.
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Used as an insulating material in dielectric oil. It can linget in the environment for long periods and can cause health problems.