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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mosses
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Eco: dominant plant near poles, absorb water
Instrumental: peat moss, fuel, farming, emergency and dressing/food |
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Ferns
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Eco: major components, epiphytes
Instrumental: contributors to coal deposits, food |
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Other Primitive Plants
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Eco: important to early evolution of earth, atmospheric nitrogen
Instrumental: coal deposits, horticulture, herbal remedies |
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Conifers
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Eco: dominant habitats in North Temperate Zone, food for wildlife, photosynthesis
Instrumental: timber, resin, horticulture, jewelry, food |
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-Flowering Plants/Angiosperms
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Eco: maintenance of climate, photosynthesis, habitats
Instrumental: medicines, fiber, lumber, perfumes, decorations, horticulture, tourism, food |
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Fungi
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Eco: breakdown, pathogens, food
Instrumental: make croplands more fertile, food, decay agents, hallucinogens, penicillin |
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Lichens
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Eco: birds use as camouflage, rock breakdown
Instrumental: sensitive air pollution indicators, absent from urban areas, emergency food |
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Sponges
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Eco: reef-farming, calcium cycling
Instrumental: pharmaceuticals, bath sponges |
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Corals, Jelly Fish, Sea Anemones
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Eco: main architects of reefs, producers, prey, predators, provide habitat, protection
Instrumental: sting, aquarium trade |
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Worms
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Eco: predators, prey, parasites, nutrient cycling
Instrumental: bait, aquarium trade, food, medicinal, parasites |
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Mollusks
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Eco: predators, pretty, homes for hermit crabs
Instrumental: food, pearls, venomous, invasive, aquarium |
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Arthropods
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Eco: main food, predators, main reason plants evolved chemical defenses, decomposers
Instrumental: food, disease, pollinators, honey, pests, aquarium |
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Nematodes
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Eco: live everywhere, decomposers, abundant
Instrumental: disease, crop pests |
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Echinoderms
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Eco: grazers, prey, predators, major components of limestone/coral reefs
Instrumental: food, aquaria, poisonous |
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Tunicates
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Eco: filler feeder
Instrumental: food, aquaria, invasive |
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Sharks, rays
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Eco: top marine predators
Instrumental: entertainment, risk, aquaria, fisheries |
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Sturgeons, Paddle fish
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Instrumental: fisheries, caviar, isinglass
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Bony Fishes
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Eco: food, key species in food chains
Instrumental: poisonous, tourism, fisheries |
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Amphibians
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Eco: important predators and prey
Instrumental: pharmaceuticals, food, pet, trade, invasive |
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Reptilian
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Eco: important predators and prey
Instrumental: pet trade, crocodile skin/meat, invasive, leather |
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Birds
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Eco: predators, prey, pollinators, dispersers, nest construction
Instrumental: food hunting, captivity, feather dusters, bird watching, disease, crop pests |
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Mammals
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Eco: main grazers/predators, manuring, burrowing, trampling
Instrumental: food hunting, pets, zoos, working animals, tourism, pests |
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- Variables that govern change in population size
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Births
Deaths Immigration Emigration |
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Biotic potential of a population
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rate population would grow if resources were unlimited
-there’s always limits to population growth in nature |
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Environmental resistance
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-All the factors acting together to limit population growth in nature
Carrying capacity -number of individuals of a species that can be sustained in a give area |
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Exponential growth
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Population with few if any resource limitations
Starts out slowly then proceeds faster and faster |
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Logistic population growth
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Exponential growth followed by steady decrease in growth
Encounters environmental resistance |
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Minimum Viable Population (MVP)
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Certain population size upon which intrinsic rate of increase depends
If population declines below MVP mates hard to find, interbreed |
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Density dependent
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Greater effect as populations density increases
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Density Independent
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Affect population size regardless of density
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Types of population fluctuations
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Stable- Fluctuates slightly above/below carrying capacity
Irruptive- Usually stable, periodically explodes then creases Irregular- chaotic, no recovering pattern Cyclic- major fluctuations at regular intervals |
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Predator-Prey Cycles
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Top-dawn control hypothesis
Predator controls prey numbers Bottom- Up hypothesis prey decreases caused by food shortages |
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Asexual
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All offspring exact genetic copies
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Sexual
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Produce offspring from recombination of gametes from two parents
Costs of sexual reproduction Genetic errors Courtship costs |
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Benefits of sexual reproduction
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Biparental care
Greater genetic diversity |
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Reproductive strategies
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Semelparous- reproduce sexually once
Heroparous- reproduce repeatedly |
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R- Selected traits
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High intrinsic rate of increase
Reproduce early Put much energy in reproduction Little or no parental care Short-lived Irregular/chaotic population cycles Poor competitors |
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K- Selected traits
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Competitor
Little energy in reproduction Reproduce late Few offspring Parental care best stable ecosystems Extinction-prone |
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Survivorship curves
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Represent age structure of population
Three types -Late loss Few young produced, most survive -Early loss Many young produced, few survive -Constant loss Intermediate |
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Predictions for global warming
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Massive displacement of humans
Extinction of some island nations 18-35% plant and animal extinctions by 2050 Water disputes |
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Grizzly Bears in the Artic
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Live on the ice
Reproductive rates and weight have declined |
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Harp Seals in Canadian Artic
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Lack of ice led to disappearance of all pup
can’t swim |
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Penguins
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ice breaking up is hard on the penguins
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Factors exacerbating the effects of global warming
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as ice melts, pollutants concentrate
soot attracts heat and melts ice loss of ice cover decreases reflectance |
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Global dimming
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gradual reduction in irradiance at Earth’s surface- 4% per decade
creates cooling effect, masked global warming until aerosol particles |
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Ozone depletion
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Slow decline in total ozone in stratosphere
Huge seasonal lose of ozone over south pole |
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Causes of ozone depletion
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Emission of cfc’s and halons
Ozone layer stops most harmful UV-B light from reaching Earth |
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Effects of UV
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increase in skin cancer
phytoplankton decreases predicted = damage to plants could cause widespread could cause widespread damage to exposed organisms |
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Biodiversity crisis
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Human activities changing ecosystems on Earth at an increasing rate
Loss of biodiversity and ecosystems is our most serious and urgent problem |
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5 Main causes of the crisis (human activities)
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Over exploitation
Invasive species Pollution Habitat destruction and alteration Overpopulation and rising standards of living |
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Over exploitation
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Over hunting
Over fishing Pet trade Persecution |
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Invasive species
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species introduced to new areas either purposefully or inadvertently by humans
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Problem with invasive
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Lack natural predators, prey, parasites, etc.
Lack over habitats from, eat, or parasitize natural species |
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Stopping invasive species
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Identify characteristics predisposing species toward invasiveness and ecosystems towards invisibility
Declare/inspect good Ban transfer of invasive Ballast discharge/stylization/nitrogen pumping |
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Pollution threat
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Serious problem in wetlands, ocean, industrial areas, cities
Uncontrolled increase in developing countries Now causing global warming |
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Buffer zone
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is the best reserve design
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Biologists role
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Have a central role
Provision of accurate scientific information Starting point for conservation action |
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Conservation strategies
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Single-species approach
Expensive May help protect ecosystems In-situ conservation Protected areas Ex-situ conservation Zoos, aquaria, botanical gardens |
