Fsn Test #4 (Chapter 6)

Front 1

Branched-chain Amino Acids

Back 1

amino acids with a branching carbon backbone; these are leucine, isoleucine, and valine; all are essential amino acids

Front 2

Nonessential Amino Acids

Back 2

amino acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts; there are 11 nonessential amino acids; these are also called dispensable amino acids

Front 3

Essential Amino Acids

Back 3

the amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts or at all and therefore must be included in the diet; there are 9 essential amino acids; these are also called indispensable amino acids

Front 4

Limiting Amino Acid

Back 4

the essential amino acid in the lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs

Front 5

Peptide Bond

Back 5

a chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein

Front 6

Polypeptide

Back 6

a group of amino acids bonded together, from 50 to 2000 or more

Front 7

Sickle Cell Disease (Sickle Cell Anemia)

Back 7

an illness that results from a malformation of the red blood cell because of an incorrect structure in part of its hemoglobin protein chains; the disease can lead to episodes of severe bone and joint pain, abdominal pain, headache, convulsions, paralysis, and even death

Front 8

Denaturation

Back 8

alteration of a protein's three-dimensional structure, usually because of treatment by heat, enzymes, acid or alkaline solutions, or agitation

Front 9

High-quality (complete) Proteins

Back 9

dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids

Front 10

Low-quality (incomplete) Proteins

Back 10

dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids

Front 11

Complementary Proteins

Back 11

two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids; together they yield a sufficient amount of all nine and so provide high-quality (complete) protein for the diet

Front 12

Pepsin

Back 12

a protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach

Front 13

Trypsin

Back 13

a protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas to act in the small intestine

Front 14

Protein Turnover

Back 14

the process by which cells break down old proteins and re-synthesize new proteins; in this way the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time

Front 15

Capillary Bed

Back 15

network of one-cell-thick vessels that create a junction between arterial and venous circulation; it is here that gas and nutrient exchange occurs between body cells and the blood

Front 16

Extracellular Space

Back 16

the space outside cells; represents one-third of body fluid

Front 17

Edema

Back 17

the buildup of excess fluid in extracellular spaces

Front 18

Buffers

Back 18

compounds that cause a solution to resist changes in acid-base conditions

Front 19

Satiety

Back 19

a state in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction

Front 20

Pool

Back 20

the amount of a nutrient stored within the body that can be mobilized when needed

Front 21

Carbon Skeleton

Back 21

amino-acid structure that remains after the amino group has been removed

Front 22

Urea

Back 22

nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism; major source of nitrogen in the urine

Front 23

Protein Equilibrium

Back 23

a state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses; the person is said to be in protein balance

Front 24

Positive Protein Balance

Back 24

a state in which protein intake exceeds related protein losses, as is needed during times of growth

Front 25

Negative Protein Balance

Back 25

a state in which protein intake is less than related protein losses, as is often seen during acute illness

Front 26

Protein-calorie Malnutrition (PCM)

Back 26

a condition resulting form regularly consuming insufficient amounts of calories and protein; the deficiency eventually results in body wasting, primarily of lean tissue, and an increased susceptibility to infections

Front 27

Kwashiorkor

Back 27

a disease occurring primarily in young children who have an existing disease and consume a marginal amount of calories and insufficient protein in relation to needs; the child generally suffers from infections and exhibits edema, poor growth, weakness, and an increased susceptibility to further illness

Front 28

Marasmus

Back 28

a disease resulting from consuming a grossly insufficient amount of protein and calories; one of the diseases classes as protein-calorie malnutrition; victims have little or no fat stores, little muscle mass, and poor strength; death from infections is common

Front 29

Gruel

Back 29

a thin mixture of grains or legumes in milk or water

Front 30

Preterm

Back 30

an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation; also referred to as premature

Front 31

Vegan

Back 31

a person who eats only plant foods

Front 32

Fruitarian

Back 32

a person who primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils

Front 33

Lactovegetarian

Back 33

a person who consumes plant products and dairy products

Front 34

Lactoovovegetarian

Back 34

a person who consumes plant products, dairy products, and eggs