Fs Final

Front 1

Adult skeleton has __ bones and __ teeth.

Back 1

206 & 32

Front 2

What kind of teeth do children have and how many?

Back 2

20 deciduous teeth

Front 3

3 approaches to sex determination

Back 3

morphological
metrical
statistical

Front 4

Morphological =

Back 4

(shape and size or robusticity)
• Innominates (hip bones)
• Cranium (skull and mandible)
• Long bone muscle markings

Front 5

Metrical =

Back 5

(long bone measurements)
• Length of clavicle (collar bone)
• Glenoid fossa height (shoulder joint socket)
• Diameter of head of humerus and femur
• Femur shaft circumference

Front 6

Statistical (sex determination) =

Back 6

(multiple measurements analyzed together by computer program)
• Cranial measurements
• Mandibular measurements

Front 7

Ancestry Determination =

Back 7

(geographic ancestry/race)
A. Cranial morphology, particularly the face
B. Dentition, particularly incisors
C. Statistical analysis above will assess ancestry

Front 8

5 Ways of age determination

Back 8

Innominates or Os Coxae (hip bones)
• pubic symphysis
• auricular surface (sacroiliac joint surface)
Cranial sutures (joints between skull bones)
Dentition
• tooth eruption
• patterns of occlusal wear
Long bone shaft/epiphysis fusion
Vertebral development, end plate fusion & degeneration

Front 9

Which types of people are difficult to determine sex and easy to age?

Back 9

newborns, infants and children

Front 10

8 personal characteristics and positive identification

Back 10

• Stature
• Handedness
• Non-metric traits
• Healed wounds
• Dentition
• Surgical implants
• Frontal sinus
• Facial reconstruction & skull-face superimposition

Front 11

5 ways to tell time since death

Back 11

• Environment & humidity
• Time of year
• Depth of burial
• Clothing & other wrappings
• Soft tissue openings

Front 12

What is the difference in the genetic make-up between any 2 randomly selected people on earth?

Back 12

0.2%

Front 13

of the 0.2%, 85% of the difference in genetic makeup will be found where?

Back 13

Within any local group, for example between you and your neighbor.

Front 14

of the 0.2%, 9% of the difference in genetic makeup is found where?

Back 14

Between linguistic groups within the same “race”, for example between the French and Italians.

Front 15

Of that original 0.2%, the remaining 6% of the difference in genetic make-up will be found where?

Back 15

Between different “races”, for example between Asians and Europeans.

Front 16

What is the percent difference between individuals of different races?

Back 16

0.012%

Front 17

an average of how many people die and are injured annually in fires.

Back 17

4,300 die
25,000 injured

Front 18

what percent of fires occur in residences?

Back 18

85%

Front 19

arson is the ___ leading cause of residential fires and residential fire deaths

Back 19

second

Front 20

how many firefighter fatalities every year?

Back 20

over 100

Front 21

how many fires are reported annually?

Back 21

1.7 million

Front 22

how much is loss in direct property due to fires annually?

Back 22

$11 billion

Front 23

what are the charges associated with arson?

Back 23

it's a felony of the first degree and carries up to a 20 year prison term per count

Front 24

what is a person guilty of if the arson fire causes the death of any person engages in fighting the fire?

Back 24

second degree murder

Front 25

what is the sentence for arson (if committed second degree murder)?

Back 25

life without parole

Front 26

if the structure set on fire isn't inhabited then what is the offense?

Back 26

criminal mischief (felony of the 3rd degree)

Front 27

4 stages of fire

Back 27

ignition
growth
fully developed
decay

Front 28

6 products of combustion

Back 28

carbon particles
sulfur dioxide
water vapor
carbon monoxide
hydrogen cyanide
carbon dioxide

Front 29

pyrolysis =

Back 29

ignitable mixture of burnable gases and air

Front 30

characteristics of a flash over

Back 30

intensive fire
rolling out
high heat
rapid fire spread

Front 31

characteristics of a pre-backdraft

Back 31

low oxygen
high heat
smoldering fire
high fuel vapor concentrations

Front 32

radiation =

Back 32

electromagnetic waves traveling through space until they reach a solid object

Front 33

convection =

Back 33

heat transferred by movement of heated liquids or gases

Front 34

conduction =

Back 34

Point to point transfer of heat energy from one body to another by a heat conducting medium.

Front 35

how often does fire double in size?

Back 35

every 15 to 20 seconds

Front 36

what does NIST stand for?

Back 36

national institute of standards and technology

Front 37

in fire cases the district attorney's office is responsible for what?

Back 37

search warrants
arrest warrants
monitoring the case

Front 38

black smoke is characteristic of what burning product?

Back 38

petroleum based products

Front 39

when there are run down patterns or inverted cone patters on objects that means what?

Back 39

ignitable liquid was poured across the floor or object

Front 40

what is clean burn?

Back 40

area where soot burned away

Front 41

K.E. =

Back 41

MV² ÷ 2

Front 42

It is easier to increase KE by doing what?

Back 42

Adding mass (bullet weight), rather than by increasing velocity

Front 43

bullet weight (mass) is measured in what?

Back 43

grains

Front 44

1 grain =

Back 44

65 mgs

Front 45

Range of bullets weights =

Back 45

50 gr. to 405 gr.
(3.25 gms to 20.25 gms)

Front 46

high to low velocity = (in feet per sec)

Back 46

high 2000 +
medium 1000-2000 fps
low <1000 fps

Front 47

88 fps =

Back 47

60 mph

Front 48

caliber is an approx measure of what?

Back 48

diameter

Front 49

what are the american and european measurements for caliber?

Back 49

– Inches- American (.22, .38, .45)
– Metric- European (9mm)

Front 50

caliber tell you what about gun

Back 50

type, but nothing about power or effectiveness

Front 51

gunpowder burns via what?

Back 51

deflagration (not detonation)

Front 52

what kind of burn is deflagration? detonation?

Back 52

subsonic and supersonic

Front 53

the basic canon has what three things in it?

Back 53

potassium nitrate
sulfur
charcoal

Front 54

in rifling, frisbee =

Back 54

spinning on an axis

Front 55

steps in gun being shot

Back 55

• Bullet separates from cartridge
• Enters barrel which has grooves
• Causes bullet to spin
• Stabilize in flight
• More spin=Increased stability
• Distinctive marks on bullet

Front 56

the kinetic energy of a bullet is dependent on what?

Back 56

its ability to overcome air resistance

Front 57

characteristics of the modern cartridge

Back 57

• Metallic shell
• Explosive primer in base
• Measured amount of powder
• Projectile (bullet)

Front 58

what gun has the most direct relation to muskets

Back 58

the shotgun

Front 59

the caliber of a shotgun is referred to as what?

Back 59

gauge

10 gauge is big
20 gauge is small

Front 60

shells contain

Back 60

– pellets (larger shot=less pellets)
– slugs
– wadding and stuff

Front 61

smaller gauge =

Back 61

increased opening

Front 62

magnum =

Back 62

more powder/more pellets

Front 63

the 4 main types of shotguns

Back 63

• Pump action
• Multiple Barrel
• Auto-Loading
• Single shot

Front 64

characteristics of handguns

Back 64

• Mostly Low to Medium velocity
• short barrels (most 1.5 to 6 inches)
• harder to aim effectively (close sights)
• effective range usually less than 25 yards
• most common weapon used in shootings

Front 65

why are handguns popular?

Back 65

– less noise
– less recoil
– less expensive
– **concealability**

Front 66

most handgun shootings occur at what distance?

Back 66

less than 7 yards

most shots miss

Front 67

cops hit bad guys how often? bad guys hit cops?

Back 67

25% cops
11% bad guys

Front 68

characteristics of rifles

Back 68

• Infrequently used in civilian shootings
• Most powerful
• More accurate, but can be difficult to use
• Longer barrel = increased muzzle velocity
• Two main types
(civilian & military)

Front 69

characteristics of civilian rifles

Back 69

– higher velocities
– larger projectile mass
– greater total energy ratings
– more variety (over 70 types)
– Designed to hunt “big-game”
– not commonly used in shootings

Front 70

characteristics of military rifles

Back 70

– trend toward high velocity, light weight projectile. (less recoil, lighter)
– not very effective over 600 yards,
– “spray gun” ( however, changing)
– looses velocity in air quickly
– close range- huge, shallow, jagged wounds
– high yaw
– bullets-Full metal jackets designed not to expand

Front 71

wounding mechanisms

Back 71

• Penetration
• Permanent Cavity
• Temporary Cavity
• Fragmentation

Front 72

temporary cavity =

Back 72

• Soft tissue is propelled radially outward away from the wound track
• Temporary displacement by stretch
• Amount of damage depends on type of tissue
• Non-elastic tissues have little tolerance for stretch. (liver, brain)
• Localized “blunt trauma”

Front 73

a soft point bullet call lose up to how much of its weight in fragments?

Back 73

75%

these fragments may be distributed widely along bullet tract

Front 74

how does a .45 caliber compare to at .25 caliber bullet?

Back 74

.45 caliber bullet has 5.5 x K.E. of .25 bullet at similar speed

Front 75

• Hague convention 1899-

Back 75

avoid use of bullets which expanded or deformed easily within the body

Front 76

characteristics of hollowpoint bullet

Back 76

• Designed to expand on impact
• Larger permanent wound channel
• Expansion acts as a parachute to slow bullet as it penetrates tissue
• Increased KE transmitted to tissue
• Larger bullet tract
• Inconsistent (clothes)

Front 77

full metal jacket bullet design

Back 77

• Standard civilian bullet has exposed soft core
• Rapidly expands on impact

Front 78

what does T.A.S.E.R stand for?

Back 78

Thomas A. Swift Electric Rifle

Front 79

If a sufficient quantity of a bloodstain pattern is present, it may be possible to determine:

Back 79

1. The location or orientation of a person and/or objects at time of bloodshed
The movement of persons and/or objects during or following bloodshed.

The point or points of origin of bloodshed

type of weapon used.

number or blows, shots or events that took place.

if the suspect may have been injured.

if a bloodstain pattern may be present on the assailant

Front 80

The interpretations made from bloodstain patterns at a crime scene or from the clothing of principles involved in a case may be use to:

Back 80

Confirm or refute assumptions concerning events or their sequence:
a. Position of the victim

b. Was there evidence of a struggle?

c. Was there a lack or void in the bloodstain pattern?

Front 81

Bloodstain patterns can be used to confirm or refute statements by principles in the case, such as:

Back 81

Are the bloodstains on a suspects clothing consistent with his reported actions?

b. Are bloodstain patterns on a victim or at a crime scene consistent with accounts given by witnesses or the suspect?

Front 82

bloodstains are not affected by:

Back 82

Age
Sex
Alcohol, drugs or anticoagulants

Front 83

What external influences, within limits, have a little affect on bloodstain patterns?

Back 83

Temperature
Humidity
Air movement

Front 84

surface tension =

Back 84

The force resisting in any boundary surface of a liquid such that the surface tends to assume the minimum possible area.
Makes the liquid behave as if it has a membrane over it.
A drop of blood will not break up in flight due to its surface tension.

Front 85

impact bloodstain patterns =

Back 85

when blood is broken into small drops and dispersed as a result of receiving a blow

Front 86

4 observed characteristics of impact bloodstain patterns

Back 86

Size: From barely visible to 3mm or more
Number and distribution: Random and variable
Dispersion of stains: As distance increases dispersion increases
Directionality observed: Allows us to determine the point of impact

Front 87

What conclusions can be drawn from impact bloodstains?

Back 87

Location of subject at time of impact

b. The number of blows which occurred

Front 88

cast off bloodstain patterns =

Back 88

when blood is flung from an object in motion, such as a beating instrument

Front 89

observed characteristics of cast off bloodstain patterns

Back 89

Observed characteristics:
A fairly uniform distribution of bloodstains “in line” patterns.
Size and shape of object from which the blood is flung may determine the size of the staining
The patterns show directionality
It may be possible to determine it the subject is right or left handed

Front 90

observed characteristics of drip patterns

Back 90

Occurs when blood drips into blood
Drops are small, usually 1-2 mm
Secondary spatter tend to show lack of directionality
Caution not to confuse drip patterns on clothing or a vertical surface to impact stains

Front 91

observed characteristics of projected bloodstain patterns

Back 91

Associated with the loss of a large volume of blood and force
Arterial spurting
Stains may be very large, 2-3 inches
Margins of stains are irregular in shape, along with streaking of bloodstains on the target

Front 92

gunshot bloodstains =

Back 92

a type of impact bloodstain pattern resulting from the high energy impact of a gunshot

Front 93

observed characteristics of gunshot bloodstains

Back 93

Observed characteristics
Size of stains may vary from a fine mist, 0.1 mm or less in size to a fine or medium size of 1-6 mm
The dispersion is usually cone shaped and the fine mist falls off quickly
Back spatter vs. forward spatter
Bloodstain patterns from gunshot wounds may NOT be present, due to hair, clothing or portion of the body struck.