Frontal Lobes And Related Syndromes

Front 1

Name the four structures involved in all frontal-subcortical circuits (direct connections)

Back 1

CSGT:
1. Cortex (Frontal)
2. Striatum
3. Globus Pallidus/substantia nigra
4. Thalamus

Front 2

Name the two frontal-subcortical circuts involved in motor movement

Back 2

1. MOTOR(supplementary area): General control of preparatory (premovement) activity and serial/parallel processing of movements initiated in the cortex.

2. OCULOMOTOR(frontal eye fields): system for orienting the head and eyes to the environment.

Front 3

Personality Change is the hallmark of what Frontal lobe disorder?

Back 3

Damage to Orbitofrontal Circuit

Personality changes include:
irritability, lability, fatuous euphoria, inappropriate response to social cues, undue familiarity,lack of empathy.

Front 4

Name 3 symptoms of damage to the Dorsolateral Circuit:

Back 4

Symptoms may include:

a. Poor organizational strategies
b. Poor memory search strategies
c. Stimulus-bound behavior /environmental dependency
d. Impaired set shifting & maintenance
e. Verbal-manual dissociation

Front 5

Bilateral lesions to this frontal lobe circuit causes akinetic mutism

Back 5

Anterior Cingulate Circuit

Front 6

Damage to this frontal-subcortical circuit causes an apathetic presentation.

Back 6

Anterior Cingulate Circuit
A= Apathetic

Symptoms include:

psychic emptiness, poverty of spontaneous speech, indifference to pain, poor response inhibition, reduced creative thought

Front 7

_________ is the excitatory neurotransmitter involved in the connections between the Frontal Cortex and Striatum.

Back 7

Glutamate

Front 8

__________ is the inhibitory transmitter involved in the connections between the Striatal structures and the Globus Pallidus/Substantia Nigra

Back 8

GABA

Front 9

The Caudate and the Putamen are both structures in the ________.

Back 9

Striatum

Front 10

Aquired OCD can result in lesions to this frontal-subcortical circuit.

Back 10

Orbital Frontal Circuit

Front 11

All of the direct circuits in the Frontal-subcortical circuts are mediated by ____________.

Back 11

Indirect circuits

Front 12

How do the direct and indirect frontal-subcortical circuits impact the thalamus differently?

Back 12

The Direct connection DISinhibits the thalamus.

The Indirect connection INhibits the thalamus.

Front 13

What are "closed" and "open" loops in the frontal subcortical circuits?

Back 13

All 5 circuits have a "closed" loop:
Frontal cortex > Striatum > GP/SN > Thamalus (loops back to Frontal Cortex)

Also "open" elements in each circuit: allows for posterior association cortices to affect frontally mediated behavior or to serve as communiction points between the circuits.