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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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General: what are the frontal lobes responsible for?
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General executive of the brain:
Organization of incoming information Response selection Maintenance of set/goal Behavioral flexibility Working memory Other functions (“executive” not adequate): Self-regulation/inhibition of impulses Initiation/drive and environmental exploration |
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how the flexibility of thinking associated with frontal lobes change as one ages?
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errors increase ("set in one's ways)
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What are the three "large/general" regions of the frontal lobes?
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1. Motor cortex
2. Premotor cortex 3. Prefrontal cortex |
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What makes up motor cortex and what are the most common neurons?
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just that; pyramidal neurons
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What makes up premotor cortex and what are the most common neurons?
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SMA, frontal eye fields, broca's area
intermediate neurons |
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What makes up prefrontal cortex and what are the most common neurons?
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orbital, dorsolateral, cingulate
granular neurons |
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What are the primary inputs to the motor cortex? outputs?
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inputs: ventral lateral thalamic nucleus & primary somatosensory (parietal)
output: internal capsule |
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note:
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recall: dysfunction to the motor cortex is an UMN lesion --> initial contralateral flacid hemiparesis, then spastic
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what is the function of the pre-motor area?
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planning movement: integration of sensory and motor information
praxis |
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what are the inputs to the premotor area? outputs? (what specifically carries the outputs?)
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ventral anterior thalamic nucleus and secondary somatosensory area
outputs: motor area and contralaterally to other premotor area via corpus callosum "VAL" is going to go the long way to the SMA, but "VL" is going straight to the motor cortex |
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what are common premotor dysfunction problems?
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apraxia
contralateral fine motor movements difficulty using sensory feedback (basal ganglia preserves posture) |
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what is the function of the frontal eye field?
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volitional (voluntary) eye movements - contralaterally
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what are the functions of the dorsolateral area?
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Executive (higher level judgment, decision making, new alternatives and flexible thinking)
*& spatial working memory |
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where is spatial working memory processed?
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dosolateral portion of frontal lobes
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what function does this describe:
Integration of multimodal sensory information Generation of multiple reponse alternatives Selection of appropriate response Maintenance of set, persistence Set shifting, flexibility Spatial working memory |
Executive functions
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where would the possible dysfunction be if someone was showing poor judgement in response selection and perseveration?
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dorsolateral (executive dysfuntion)
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what is meant by perseveration? what area is dysfunction here?
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highly repeated and inflexible thinking...
evident in drawing tests where pts fall into a repetitive pattern dorsolateral |
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what is meant by inhibition? what area is dysfunction here?
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not "self-checking" before providing an answer; not answering the asked question (dysexecutive)
dorsolateral (or orbital in "dysinhibition" social context) |
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What is the main function of the orbital area of the frontal lobe?
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modulation of affective and social behavior
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What are the symptoms associated with dysfunction in the orbital zone
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disinhibition (socially inappropriate behavior)
Anosmia (lack of smell) Confabulation (outlandish stories, not consistent) |
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what are the inputs and outputs of the orbital area?
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inputs: limbic (amygdala) and olfactory
outputs: autonomic musculature and endocrine system |
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what part of the frontal lobe is possibly affected if you see Intrusion ( first new thought is said or drawn despite instructions)
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orbital
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what functions are associated with the Cingulate/SMA areas?
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drive/motivation
complex attention |
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what part of the brain is affected if you notice apathy? alien hand syndrome?
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both Cingulate/SMA dysfunctions
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Is frontal dysfunction common in neurologic disorders?
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Yes! almost all of them: scz, depression, OCD, FTD, etc.
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what is meant by "frontal release" signs?
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things that disappear in normal development (e.g. suckling), reappear with aging or frontal dysfunction
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what sis Gegenhalten?
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pt resists loose movement of joint during exam; in all directions; should be differentiated from cog-wheeling (Parkinson's)
this is a type of dystonia |
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what is a frontal lobe syndrome with characteristic Intrusions and Disinhibition?
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Korsakoff's
caused by EtOH and thiamine deficiency |
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What are some major behavioral differences between FTD and Alzheimers?
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FTD will show earlier changes in personality/behvior, but no frank amnesia, executive and inhibition dysfunction
not in Alzheimers |
