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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or False?; Freud's ideas were unique to him and the development of his theories of psychoanalysis. |
False! Arguably, all aspects of psychoanalysis existed before Freud developed his theory |
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Who were 4 thinkers who influenced Freud and the development of psychoanalysis?
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Leibniz: Awareness ranges from clear perception to experiences we are not aware of
Goethe: Human existence is constant struggle between conflicting emotions and tendencies Herbart: Repression as inhibiting force keeping idea from entering consciousness Schopenhauer: Humans governed more by irrational desires; escape these forces through art (sublimation) |
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What did Freud consider himself as doing? |
Freud considered himself to be developing a Science of Psychology |
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What was Freud unwelcoming to? |
An experimental science (or testing) of his ideas |
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Under which context did Freud develop his theories of psychoanalysis? |
Developed psychoanalysis in the context |
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According to Freud, therapy could only be successful if what was true? |
The theory which underlies the therapy. |
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Although therapy session can be valid method of investigation, what is the danger? |
The influence of bias on the part of the investigator/therapist |
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What was Ludwig Wittgenstein's attitudes towards Freud and psychoanalysis? |
“[Freud] is full of fishy thinking & his charm & the charm of [his] subject is so great that you may be easily fooled… Unless you think very clearly psycho‐analysis is a dangerous & a foul practice & it’s done no end of harm &, comparatively, very little good. So hold on to your brains.” |
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According to Freud, in large part, our behaviour is a result of what?
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Our behaviour is the result of ideas we are unaware of (the unconscious ID)
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Describe Freud's 3 divisions of the mind. |
Id: fantasy |
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What are the 3 different types of anxiety according to Freud? |
Objective anxiety: Objective threat to
Neurotic anxiety: Ego feels it will be
Moral anxiety: Feelings of guilt and shame when one is about to violate moral code of superego |
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What was the purpose of the ego defense mechanisms? |
Ego defense mechanisms: In Freudian theory, ways of behaving or thinking that serve to defend the ego against anxiety. |
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Name the 6 defense mechanisms |
Repression
Displacement
Rationalization |
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What is Repression? |
Repression: (fundamental defense mechanism): unwanted impulses forced into unconscious |
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What is Projection? |
Projection: attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else |
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What is Displacement? |
Displacement: Satisfying impulse with substitute target |
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What is Sublimation? |
Sublimation: Directing urges into activities valued by society (e.g., art, sports, politics, religion) |
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What is Rationalization? |
Rationalization: Reasoning away anxiety‐producing thoughts |
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What is Regression? |
Regression: Returning to behaviour related to earlier stages of development |
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What is Freud's theory of development referred to as? |
Psychosexual Development |
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What are the different stages of Freud's Psychosexual development? |
Oral |
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Problems at stages of development can lead to what according to Freud? |
Problems that interfere with progress at each stage can lead to fixations in later life |
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Which approach did Freud originally use to help explain mental illness in the methods of psychoanalysis? Why? |
C. Physical
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True or False?; the importance of Freud’s self‐analysis is somewhat of a myth
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True! Has been argued that importance of
Freud’s self‐analysis is a myth – Designed to hide his continued reliance on biology as foundation for psychoanalytic theory |
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After Freud switched to a more psychological approach, what did he view neuroses as a result of? |
Freud believed all adult neuroses are result |
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True or False?; the importance of Freud’s self‐analysis is a myth |
True! Has been argued that importance of |
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Why did Freud wish to distance himself from the biology perspective? |
He originally relied on the views of Recapitulation Theory for his theories/ideas. |
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What is Recapitulation theory (biogenetic law)? |
Recapitulation theory (biogenetic law): Development of fetus to adulthood represents evolutionary history of species |
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According to Freud, how can neuroses be explained?
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Neuroses were ultimately caused by childhood experiences and feelings.
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According to Freud, how can neuroses be explained? |
Neuroses were ultimately caused by childhood experiences and feelings |
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What was the focus of Freud's therapy? |
Therapy consisted of patients resolving
situations |
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Define Seduction Hypothesis. |
Freud's original belief that hysteria originated from ACTUAL childhood sexual abuse |
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What was the Seduction Error? |
The (mis)attribution of repressed memories of sexual abuse during childhood as the cause of hysteria/neuroses in women.
i.e., the false belief in the seduction hypothesis
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True or False?; The reports Freud gathered indicated that sexual abuse patients experienced was usually perpetrated their parents. |
False! In Freud’s published reports of therapy |
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Why did Freud destroy letters to his friend Fliess that related to his Seduction Theory? |
He gradually lost faith in the seduction theory and did not want the illegitimacy of this idea to be known since it was central to his theories of psychoanalysis.
If the illegitimacy of seduction theory was known, people would question his psychoanalysis. |
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What were the primary issues with the Seduction Hypothesis? |
None of Freud’s patients (apparently) reported seduction by parent (usually by other family members if any reported)! |
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What were the different reasons Freud began to lose his faith in Seduction Theory? |
Therapy was not working
Stories of rampant abuse could not possibly be true
Unconscious cannot distinguish reality from |
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How does Freued's shift away from Seduction Hypothesis effect the doctrine of psychoanalysis in general? |
Freud tries to bury ideas associated with seduction theory: Psychoanalysis becomes a doctrine about the inner life of the mind |
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Describe the shift in explanation of mental illness Freud adopts after he abandons the seduction hypothesis. |
From therapy and explanations revealing real traumatic events (a combination of physical and psychological) to a purely psychological focus.
i.e., Psychoanalysis becomes a doctrine about the inner life of the mind |
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After abandoning seduction theory and analyzing his own dreams, what does he discover about childhood? |
Through self‐analysis, Freud “discovers” |
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What are Phantasies? |
Phantasies are largerly unconcious desires that stem from genetic needs, drives and instincts.
They develop from early (often traumatic and respressed) childhood experiences.
They appear in symbolic form in dreams, play and neuroses.
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True or False?; The idea of phantasies and seduction theory were both central to Freud's ideas of psychoanalysis. |
True! |
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True or False?; Because of childhood sexuality, Freud claims that the seduction stories were imagined as a child and falsely recalled as real adult. |
True! |
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After abandoning seduction theory and analyzing his own dreams, how did Freud describe the cause of neuroses? |
He believed that neuroses was caused by a adult reawakening of IMAGINED seductions as a child. |
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True or False?; Freud eventually replaced the Oedipus Complex with Seduction theory |
False! Seduction theory (repressed sexual abuse) is replaced by Oedipus/Electra complex: |
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True or False; The reports of secual abuse Freud recorded primarily involved the parents as the abusers. |
False! In Freud’s published reports of therapy |
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What did the combination of Freud’s commitment to belief in sexual causes and his aggressive therapeutic techniques lead to? |
Freud was bullying and overly interpretative
Patient’s resistance was sign of nearing the truth
Depicted himself in his writings as nondirective (when in fact he was VERY directive) |
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True or False?; According to Freud, if treatment is based on a true theory, then it will be effective. |
True! If the theory is true, then the treatment will be effective and, conversely, if the treatment is effective then it is also true. |
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With the shift of psychoanalysis to a doctrine about the inner life of the mind, what did it often fail to address? |
Now that psychoanalysis is all about the mind, it no longer addressed patients’ lives |
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How is the case of Emma Eckstein an example of the insensitivity that grew as a result of the shift of psychoanalysis to purely psychological explanations? |
Freud continued to blame her nose bleeds caused by a botched surgery (a meter of gauze was left in her nose) on issues with her mind ('bleeding for love'). |
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What is the issue with the Oedipus/Electra complex as the foundation of Psychoanalysis? |
True! Of six cases reported by Freud in detail, |
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Who described psychoanalysis as “…the most stupendous confidence trick of the twentieth century.” |
Freudian hypotheses are vague and cannot |
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What is the method of Catharsis? |
In Freudian psychoanalysis, an emotional release that occurs when one gains insight into the unconscious origins of some problem. |
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What is Anna O. (aka, Bertha Pappenheim)?
What was the myth surrounding her? |
Anna O: An infamous patient of Joesph Breuer who experienced hysterical psychosomatic symptoms |
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What did the case of Anna O demonstrate to Freud? |
Memory of traumatic events might be actively repressed into the unconscious but will still influence behaviour
Symptoms of hysteria bear a symbolic resemblance to the trauma that caused it
Symptoms of hysteria can be alleviated if the patients gains insight into what caused it (catharsis). |
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What strong undercurrent did Freud detect in the Anna O case? |
Freud detected a strong undercurrent of sexuality.
She was unusually attached to her father and, at the end of her therapy, she developed a strong attachment to her therapist (Breuer). |
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Define Trasference. |
Transference: In Freudian psychoanalysis, occurs when the patient develops a strong emotional attachment to the therapist.
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In Victorian era Europe, what was the attitude towards sex? |
Sex was seen as a necessary evil for the production of heirs
** Very sexually oppressive culture |
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Define Free-association and Resistance. |
Free-association: In Freudian psychoanalysis, a procedure to probe the unconscious in which patients describe whatever occurs to them without internal censorship |
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Define Dream Analysis. |
Dream Analysis: A cornerstone of Freudian psychoanalysis; for Freud, dreams were the 'royal road' to the unconscious (manifest/surface content of dreams must be analyzed for their deeper, latent content |
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Define Seduction Theory/Hypothesis. |
Seduction Hypothesis: Freud's initial belief that hysteria originated from ACTUAL (i.e., not imagined) childhood sexual abuse. |
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Define Free-association and Resistance. |
Free Association: In Freudian Psychoanalysis, a procedure to probe the unconscious involving patients describing whatever occurs to them without internal censorship. |
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What was Karl Popper's issue with psychoanalysis? |
It could not be falsified! |
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Define Dream Analysis. |
Dream Analysis: A cornerstone of Freudian psychoanalysis; for Freud, dreams were the 'royal road' to the unconscious (the surface/manifest content of dreams may need to be more deeply analyzed for their latent content) |
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What did Freud find when the psychoanalyzed his own dreams? |
Manifest content: What dream appears to be
Latent content: What dream is really about
** Dreams are wish fulfillment via symbols |
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What is the Freudian Myth? |
Freudian myth: Idea that dreams have |
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Define Eros and Thanatos. |
Eros: In Freudian theory, the name given to the life instinct and manifested in the sex drive. |
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Who proposed the Inferiority Complex? |
Alfred Adler |
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Define Inferiority Complex. |
Inferiority Complex: The belief that much of human behaviour can be explained as an attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority (often beginning with one's siblings). |
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Define Jung's Word Association Task. |
Word Association Task: A procedures used by, both, Galton and Jung to investigate the nature of associations in the mind in which participants respond to stimulus words with the first response word that comes to mind. |
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What were two major criticisms of Freud's theories? |
Claims of effectiveness were based on scant evidence |