• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/71

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

True or False?; Freud's ideas were unique to him and the development of his theories of psychoanalysis.

False! Arguably, all aspects of psychoanalysis existed before Freud developed his theory

Who were 4 thinkers who influenced Freud and the development of psychoanalysis?
Leibniz: Awareness ranges from clear perception to experiences we are not aware of

Goethe: Human existence is constant struggle between conflicting emotions and tendencies

Herbart: Repression as inhibiting force keeping idea from entering consciousness

Schopenhauer: Humans governed more by irrational desires; escape these forces through
art (sublimation)

What did Freud consider himself as doing?

Freud considered himself to be developing a Science of Psychology

What was Freud unwelcoming to?

An experimental science (or testing) of his ideas

Under which context did Freud develop his theories of psychoanalysis?

Developed psychoanalysis in the context
of performing psychotherapy

According to Freud, therapy could only be successful if what was true?

The theory which underlies the therapy.

Although therapy session can be valid method of investigation, what is the danger?

The influence of bias on the part of the investigator/therapist

What was Ludwig Wittgenstein's attitudes towards Freud and psychoanalysis?

“[Freud] is full of fishy thinking & his charm & the charm of [his] subject is so great that you may be easily fooled… Unless you think very clearly psycho‐analysis is a dangerous & a foul practice & it’s done no end of harm &, comparatively, very little good. So hold on to your brains.”

According to Freud, in large part, our behaviour is a result of what?
Our behaviour is the result of ideas we are unaware of (the unconscious ID)

Describe Freud's 3 divisions of the mind.

Id:
– Instinctual drives present at birth
– Does not distinguish between reality and


fantasy
– Operates according to pleasure principle

Ego:
– Develops out of the id in infancy
– Understands reality and logic
– Mediator between id and superego

Superego:
– Internalization of society’s/parent’s moral
standards
– Responsible for guilt

What are the 3 different types of anxiety according to Freud?

Objective anxiety: Objective threat to
well‐being



Neurotic anxiety: Ego feels it will be
overwhelmed by the id



Moral anxiety: Feelings of guilt and shame when one is about to violate moral code of superego

What was the purpose of the ego defense mechanisms?

Ego defense mechanisms: In Freudian theory, ways of behaving or thinking that serve to defend the ego against anxiety.

Name the 6 defense mechanisms

Repression

Projection



Displacement



Sublimation



Rationalization

Regression

What is Repression?

Repression: (fundamental defense mechanism): unwanted impulses forced into unconscious

What is Projection?

Projection: attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else

What is Displacement?

Displacement: Satisfying impulse with substitute target

What is Sublimation?

Sublimation: Directing urges into activities valued by society (e.g., art, sports, politics, religion)
– Basis of civilization; civilization exists to
protect ourselves from our animal urges

What is Rationalization?

Rationalization: Reasoning away anxiety‐producing thoughts

What is Regression?

Regression: Returning to behaviour related to earlier stages of development

What is Freud's theory of development referred to as?

Psychosexual Development

What are the different stages of Freud's Psychosexual development?

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

Problems at stages of development can lead to what according to Freud?

Problems that interfere with progress at each stage can lead to fixations in later life
– E.g., “anal retentive” and excessive cleanliness

Which approach did Freud originally use to help explain mental illness in the methods of psychoanalysis? Why?

A. Supernatural
B. Psychological
C. Physical

C. Physical



– At the time, most neuroses were seen as
physical disorders
– Aids discovery of universal laws

True or False?; the importance of Freud’s self‐analysis is somewhat of a myth
True! Has been argued that importance of
Freud’s self‐analysis is a myth

– Designed to hide his continued reliance on
biology as foundation for psychoanalytic theory

After Freud switched to a more psychological approach, what did he view neuroses as a result of?

Freud believed all adult neuroses are result
of childhood trauma
– E.g., childhood sexual abuse led to later
development of adult hysteria

True or False?; the importance of Freud’s self‐analysis is a myth

True! Has been argued that importance of
Freud’s self‐analysis is a myth

– Designed to hide his continued reliance on
biology as foundation for psychoanalytihc theory

Why did Freud wish to distance himself from the biology perspective?

He originally relied on the views of Recapitulation Theory for his theories/ideas.

The theory lost legitimacy so Freud wished to hide the roots of his ideas.

** Freud’s reliance on biogenetic law was problem for followers and is downplayed

What is Recapitulation theory (biogenetic law)?

Recapitulation theory (biogenetic law): Development of fetus to adulthood represents evolutionary history of species

According to Freud, how can neuroses be explained?
Neuroses were ultimately caused by childhood experiences and feelings.

According to Freud, how can neuroses be explained?

Neuroses were ultimately caused by childhood experiences and feelings

What was the focus of Freud's therapy?

Therapy consisted of patients resolving
difficulties faced in childhood



– Not addressing their current personal


situations

Define Seduction Hypothesis.

Freud's original belief that hysteria originated from ACTUAL childhood sexual abuse

What was the Seduction Error?

The (mis)attribution of repressed memories of sexual abuse during childhood as the cause of hysteria/neuroses in women.



i.e., the false belief in the seduction hypothesis



- Freud reported women unearthing memories of abuse by their father's as children.

True or False?; The reports Freud gathered indicated that sexual abuse patients experienced was usually perpetrated their parents.

False! In Freud’s published reports of therapy
sessions, seducers were other children,
governesses, adult relatives, but never the
parents

Why did Freud destroy letters to his friend Fliess that related to his Seduction Theory?

He gradually lost faith in the seduction theory and did not want the illegitimacy of this idea to be known since it was central to his theories of psychoanalysis.



If the illegitimacy of seduction theory was known, people would question his psychoanalysis.

What were the primary issues with the Seduction Hypothesis?

None of Freud’s patients (apparently) reported seduction by parent (usually by other family members if any reported)!

If the seduction by the parents were actually true (i.e., a real traumatic event); then the explanation is NOT purely psychological (i.e., the seduction MUST be imagined)

What were the different reasons Freud began to lose his faith in Seduction Theory?

Therapy was not working



Stories of rampant abuse could not possibly be true



Unconscious cannot distinguish reality from
fiction, so cannot believe stories pulled from it

How does Freued's shift away from Seduction Hypothesis effect the doctrine of psychoanalysis in general?

Freud tries to bury ideas associated with


seduction theory: Psychoanalysis becomes a doctrine about the inner life of the mind

Describe the shift in explanation of mental illness Freud adopts after he abandons the seduction hypothesis.

From therapy and explanations revealing real traumatic events (a combination of physical and psychological) to a purely psychological focus.



i.e., Psychoanalysis becomes a doctrine about the inner life of the mind

After abandoning seduction theory and analyzing his own dreams, what does he discover about childhood?

Through self‐analysis, Freud “discovers”
childhood sexuality
: When 2.5‐years‐old, he
felt sexual urges towards mother and jealousy towards father

– This is the Oedipus complex

– Claims this experience is universal

What are Phantasies?

Phantasies are largerly unconcious desires that stem from genetic needs, drives and instincts.



They develop from early (often traumatic and respressed) childhood experiences.



They appear in symbolic form in dreams, play and neuroses.


True or False?; The idea of phantasies and seduction theory were both central to Freud's ideas of psychoanalysis.

True!

True or False?; Because of childhood sexuality, Freud claims that the seduction stories were imagined as a child and falsely recalled as real adult.

True!

After abandoning seduction theory and analyzing his own dreams, how did Freud describe the cause of neuroses?

He believed that neuroses was caused by a adult reawakening of IMAGINED seductions as a child.

True or False?; Freud eventually replaced the Oedipus Complex with Seduction theory

False!Seduction theory (repressed sexual abuse) is replaced by Oedipus/Electra complex:

Children pass through stage of desiring parent of opposite gender (phallic stage), which is anxiety‐producing, resulting in repression of sexuality (latency stage)

True or False; The reports of secual abuse Freud recorded primarily involved the parents as the abusers.

False! In Freud’s published reports of therapy
sessions, seducers were other children,
governesses, adult relatives, but never the
parents

What did the combination of Freud’s commitment to belief in sexual causes and his aggressive therapeutic techniques lead to?

Freud was bullying and overly interpretative



Patient’s resistance was sign of nearing the truth



Depicted himself in his writings as nondirective (when in fact he was VERY directive)

True or False?; According to Freud, if treatment is based on a true theory, then it will be effective.

True! If the theory is true, then the treatment will be effective and, conversely, if the treatment is effective then it is also true.

With the shift of psychoanalysis to a doctrine about the inner life of the mind, what did it often fail to address?

Now that psychoanalysis is all about the mind, it no longer addressed patients’ lives

How is the case of Emma Eckstein an example of the insensitivity that grew as a result of the shift of psychoanalysis to purely psychological explanations?

Freud continued to blame her nose bleeds caused by a botched surgery (a meter of gauze was left in her nose) on issues with her mind ('bleeding for love').

What is the issue with the Oedipus/Electra complex as the foundation of Psychoanalysis?

True! Of six cases reported by Freud in detail,
claimed only two to be successes

Rat Man (morbid fears and fantasies of rats)
and Wolf Man (repeatedly dreamed of wolves
in tree)

– After close scrutiny, numerous distortions in
reports and neither patient cured

Who described psychoanalysis as “…the most stupendous confidence trick of the twentieth century.”

Freudian hypotheses are vague and cannot
be falsified; scientific theories must be tentative and falsifiable.

i.e., Psychoanalysts could explain ALL behaviour in way consistent with psychoanalysis

What is the method of Catharsis?

In Freudian psychoanalysis, an emotional release that occurs when one gains insight into the unconscious origins of some problem.

** Key element of Anna O case.

What is Anna O. (aka, Bertha Pappenheim)?



What was the myth surrounding her?

Anna O: An infamous patient of Joesph Breuer who experienced hysterical psychosomatic symptoms

Myth: That Breuer cure her using the method of catharsis; relief was only temporary and she had additional psychotic symptoms as well.

What did the case of Anna O demonstrate to Freud?

Memory of traumatic events might be actively repressed into the unconscious but will still influence behaviour



Symptoms of hysteria bear a symbolic resemblance to the trauma that caused it



Symptoms of hysteria can be alleviated if the patients gains insight into what caused it (catharsis).

What strong undercurrent did Freud detect in the Anna O case?

Freud detected a strong undercurrent of sexuality.



She was unusually attached to her father and, at the end of her therapy, she developed a strong attachment to her therapist (Breuer).

Define Trasference.

Transference: In Freudian psychoanalysis, occurs when the patient develops a strong emotional attachment to the therapist.


In Victorian era Europe, what was the attitude towards sex?

Sex was seen as a necessary evil for the production of heirs

Sex for pleasure was limited to men seeking out the services of prostitutes



** Very sexually oppressive culture

Define Free-association and Resistance.

Free-association: In Freudian psychoanalysis, a procedure to probe the unconscious in which patients describe whatever occurs to them without internal censorship

Resistance: Occurs when an person is unable to freely associate, thus, indicating (to a Freudian) the presence of repressed material

Define Dream Analysis.

Dream Analysis: A cornerstone of Freudian psychoanalysis; for Freud, dreams were the 'royal road' to the unconscious (manifest/surface content of dreams must be analyzed for their deeper, latent content

Define Seduction Theory/Hypothesis.

Seduction Hypothesis: Freud's initial belief that hysteria originated from ACTUAL (i.e., not imagined) childhood sexual abuse.

Define Free-association and Resistance.

Free Association: In Freudian Psychoanalysis, a procedure to probe the unconscious involving patients describing whatever occurs to them without internal censorship.

Resistance: Occurs when a person is unable to freely associated indicating (to a Freudian) the presence of repressed material

What was Karl Popper's issue with psychoanalysis?

It could not be falsified!

i.e., it failed to meet the scientific standard of falsifiability

Define Dream Analysis.

Dream Analysis: A cornerstone of Freudian psychoanalysis; for Freud, dreams were the 'royal road' to the unconscious (the surface/manifest content of dreams may need to be more deeply analyzed for their latent content)

What did Freud find when the psychoanalyzed his own dreams?

Manifest content: What dream appears to be
about



Latent content: What dream is really about



** Dreams are wish fulfillment via symbols

What is the Freudian Myth?

Freudian myth: Idea that dreams have
scientific value began with Freud

Define Eros and Thanatos.

Eros: In Freudian theory, the name given to the life instinct and manifested in the sex drive.

Thanatos: The name given to the death instinct and manifested in aggression

Who proposed the Inferiority Complex?

Alfred Adler

Define Inferiority Complex.

Inferiority Complex: The belief that much of human behaviour can be explained as an attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority (often beginning with one's siblings).

Define Jung's Word Association Task.

Word Association Task: A procedures used by, both, Galton and Jung to investigate the nature of associations in the mind in which participants respond to stimulus words with the first response word that comes to mind.

** Reactions were timed and some physiological measures were recorded.

What were two major criticisms of Freud's theories?

Claims of effectiveness were based on scant evidence

He bent the facts of case histories to fit the theories he already decided on.