Freshwater Inverts Lab Practical 1

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Hydra (P:Cnidaria;C:Hydrozoa;O:Hydroida;F:Hydridae)

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Nematomorpha

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Hydra (P:Cnidaria;C:Hydrozoa;O:Hydroida;F:Hydridae)

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Rotifera

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Nematoda

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Planaria (P:Platyhelminthes)

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Rotifera

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Amoeba (P: Tubulinae)

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Peridinium (P: Dinoflagellata)

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Chlamydomonas (P/D: Chlorphyta)

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Spirogyra (P/D: Chlorophyta)

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Volvox (P/D Chlorophyta)

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Stentor (P: Ciliophora)

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Paramecium (P: Ciliophora)

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Eugelna (P: Euglenozoa)

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Giardia (P: Metamonada)

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Protozoa

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Unicellular or acellular
Most reproduce by binary fission
Multiple fission common in endosymbiont taxa

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Lugol’s Iodine

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Used as a fixative and color, but don’t color all groups of protozoa

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Protozoa sex

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Gametogamy
» Gametes fuse as free‐swimming cells
» flagellates
» Autogamy
» Gametes or gametic nuclei of same individual fuse
» Heliozoa and ciliophora
» Gamonotogamy
» Mates unite to exchange gametes or gametic nuclei
» Ciliophora

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Genus Spongilla

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(P: Porifera, C: Demospongiae, O: Haploscleridae, F: Spongilidae)

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Porifera Forms

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– Encrusting
» Take form of structure they are living on
– Rounded
– Finger like

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Porifera Skeleton

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– Siliceous spicules

– collagen

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Porifera sexual reproduction

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» Gonochoristic
» With each separate sponge being entirely male or female
» Gametes form from other cells: sperm (choanocytes); eggs (choanocytes or archaeocytes)

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Porifera asexual reproduction

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» Simple fragmentation
» gemmule formation

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Porifera Digestion

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Phagocytosis cells
» Porocytes
» Pinacocytes » Choanocytes

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Cnidaria Body Plan

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Polyp typically elongated along the oral-aboral axis

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Cnidaria Body Plan

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Medusa ~ bell shaped

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Cnidaria cnidoblasts

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ectodermal cells that produce nematocysts

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Cnidaria feeding

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After being stung and encumbered by nematocysts
– Tentacles move victim to mouth
– Opens to admit in to coelenteron
– Gastric cells lining coelenteron secrete digestive juices

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Cnidaria Reproduction and Metamorphoses

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Asexual and sexual reproduction

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Platyhelminthes physiology

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Gas exchange via body walls

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Platyhelminthes Life History

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Direct development
– Miniature worms hatch from eggs

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Platyhelminthes Sex

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– Mostly Hermaphroditic
» Self-fertilization
» Protandry = born one sex then turns into another
– Asexual

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Platyhelminthes Functional Role in Ecosystem

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predators

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Nemertea Reproduction

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Sexual with both male and female organs present
concurrently

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Nemertea Predation

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Proboscis of mucus laced neurotoxins

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Gastrotricha Ecological Role

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Feed on bacteria

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Gastrotricha Morphological Characteristics

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– Spindle shaped
– Ventrally flattened
– Cuticle usually with spines or scales

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Rotifera Lifestyle

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planktonic (slowly sinking, rely on water current to stay up)

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Rotifera Ecological Role

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-Herbivores
• Feed on micro (pico) algae
– Predators
• Prokaryotes, protozoans, and metazoans

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Rotifera Morphological Characteristics

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– Corona
• Apical ciliated region
– Mastax
• Muscular pharynx with complex set of jaws

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Nemotoda Ecological Role

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Feed on bacteria, algae, protozoans

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Nemotoda Morphological Characteristics

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– Unsegmented worms
– Pseudocoel
– Complete alimentary tract
– Cylindrical body w tapering ends

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Nematomorpha Lifestyle

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• Parasitic larvae on invertebrates
• Free living adults

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Nematomorpha Ecological Role

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– Parasitic larvae

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Nematomorpha Morphological Characteristics

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– Unsegmented pseudocoelomates
– Non-functional alimentary tract
– Anterior and posterior ends rounded

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Protozoa Ecological Role

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Link microbial with autrophic trophic levels

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Protozoa Lifestyle

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Individual or colonial

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Protozoa Morphological Characteristics

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Unicellular or acellular

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Porifera Ecological Role

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– Often contain symbiotic algae
– Filter feed on bacteria and algae

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Porifera Morphological Characteristics

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Tissue level of organization