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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absolute monarch
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a monarch whose power is not limited by a representative assembly
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name three philosophers
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Voltaire (used humor to make his points, hated church)
Rousseau (believed that people are born free but usually end up in chains) Montesquieu (wrote the Persian Letters and admired the English) |
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Marquis de Lafayette
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He was a man who wanted to help America during the American revolution, and win fame, so he bought his own ship and volunteered to fight inspired others to fight.
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How did the French help the Americans and why?
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The French sent over food, anumition, and other supplies to America. They even sent 12,000 soldiers, 32,000 sailors and a large naval fleet. They did this because they wanted to defeat Great Britain, a long time enemy.
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What was the result of the french helping the Americans.
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The French went even deeper in debt, thus causing more taxes on the French people, causing them to get even more upset.
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name the three estates
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First: Clergy (Churchmen)
Second: Nobility (Noblemen) Third: Peasants |
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Describe the first estate.
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The Clergy were out of control. Some were poor, but most were extremely wealthy, and in the 1700's they made up 1 percent of the population, but owned 10 percent of the land. They also didn't have to pay taxes.
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Describe the second estate.
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The second estate was no longer a warrior class as in the middle ages. They owned 20 percent of the land and were about 1 percent of the population as in the clergy. Some were poor, but most lived luxurious lives in Versailles, while they paid others to look after their property. They didn't have to pay taxes, and were allowed to hold high offices.
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tithe
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one- tenth of a person's income, paid to support a church
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culottes
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tight-fitting knee breeches
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bourgeoisie
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the middle class who were neither nobles nor peasants
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Describe the third estate and the three sections in it.
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Bourgeoisie:
-Wealthiest class -Some were as rich as nobles -Dressed like nobles -Didn't have the noble privileges or title Urban Working class: -Nearly as poor as peasants -Were the stonemasons, carpenters, butchers, weavers, servants, etc -Lived on bread Peasants: -Were taxed on everything ----how fancy house was ----every member of family ----general tithe to church -Men were taken away to work for free or go to the army as a kind of tax -Food was scarce |
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sansculottes
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another name for the urban workers
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Describe Lois the 14'th
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Lois XIV called himself the sun king, and he expected everyone to compliment him at every chance. He also thought everything revolved around him. He had become king when four, and reigned for 72 years. He always wanted to break the power of nobles, and thus kept them very close to him. He was a hard worker, and he had Versailles built for him.
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Describe Lois the 15'th
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Lois XV was the great-grandson of the Sun king, and became king when he was 5 years old. He was ineffective and more interested in having fun than anything else. He put of his duties during his 60 year reign, and France went into costly wars and deeper debt.
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Describe Lois the 16'th
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Grandson of Louis 15th. Kind and generous but had trouble making decisions. Also shy and awkward. Married Marie Antoinette (age 14) when he was 15.
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Dauphin
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The title given to the prince who was next in line to inherit the throne.
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Describe Versailles
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Versailles was a palace 11 miles outside Paris, and it was as long as 7 football fields. It was surrounded by striking gardens and one thousand rooms.
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Describe Marie Antoinette
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Austrian Queen. Tall slender and graceful. Very pretty. Daughter of the Empress of Austria.
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Describe 5 mistakes Marie Antoinette and Lois the 16'th made.
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1. Let people start spreading rumours, regarding Marie Antoinette interfering in matters of state.
2. The queen let people use her to get things from her husband. 3. Fired his Grandfather's ministers that were solving the debt problem. 4. Marie spent too much money. 5. Marie made a peasant village for acting that angered the people. |
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Describe Le Petit Trianon
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Small mansion on the grounds of Versailles that was Marie's. Inside was the theatre, a lake and a river. She also made a peasant village there with farm animals. She would dress in a simple white dress and stroll through. Much better than reality for peasants.
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What is the Estates-General?
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The legislative body before the French revolution; made of representatives from the 3 estates.
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Describe the meeting of the Estates General.
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Because there was so much debt, the nobles figured they would have to pay taxes soon. They wanted to get something out of it so they called a meeting of the Estates General. They mentioned 3 rooms where they would vote. The third estate wanted everyone to meet in one room so they could have the upper hand & they got that.
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What is the National Assembly?
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It is the new name for the Estates-General after they met in one room.
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Describe the Tennis Court Oath.
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Everyone in the National Assembly would stick together until they had written a constitution.
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Describe the three (or two) big mistakes the king made right before the revolution.
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1.Brought Swiss Guards into France;
2. Fired his Finance minister who encouraged him to give into the 3rd estate's demands; 3. Organized his troops which made the peasants think he was preparing for war. |
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Describe the Bastille
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A 14th century fortress which was used for holding prisoners.
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Who is Bernard de Launay?
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He is the Governor of the Bastille.
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Why did the people storm the Bastille?
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Because they were looking for weapons to attack the king with. The learned that gunpowder and cannons were kept in the Bastille.
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Describe the storming of the Bastille.
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The governor tried to resist, but the people started to break in and he opened the gates. They stole the gunpowder and killed him and his guard.
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Describe the great Fear.
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During the Great Fear, violence spread. Poor harvest caused a shortage of grain. They attacked nobles and destroyed property. The hunted in the kings forest. Rumors spread that ruffians were attacking peasants, so the peasants hid in forests and caves.
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archives
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the place where records related to an organization are stored.
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The original French constitution
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They eliminated the 3 estates. The French constitution was based on the rights of man. Freedom of religion, Freedom of speech, and having a say in how they would be governed; equal justice. Men are born free and remain free. The king approved this.
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The women march on Versailles
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Because there was a shortage of bread, poor women marched to town hall and rioted for bread. Town hall told them to go to the king. The crowd grew to >6000. The king gave them all the bread in Versailles.
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The women try to murder the queen
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At 6am, a mob broke into the palace, looking for the queen. The queen went through a secret staircase to the King's rooms. The mob attacked her bed and bedroom but were eventually were kicked out. The King was forced to go to Paris with his family because of orders from the mob.
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Describe the king's escape
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The king and his family tried to escape Paris by dressing in disguise but a man recognized them by their faces on a coin. The King was stripped of his limited power and became a common man.
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conservative
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One who opposed rapid change and holds traditional values
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radicals
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one who favors extreme change.
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republic
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a government run by representatives elected by the people
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the legislative assembly
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It took the place of the national assembly.
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The death of the king
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The king was killed by guillotine, and he tried to make a speech before he died but the drumroll cut off his words. Everyone cheered when he was beheaded.
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The death of the queen
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The queen was killed a year after the king. She dressed in a simple dress and was killed by guillotine.
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Guillotine
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A machine designed to behead people quickly and with little pain.
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Attacking the church
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The revolutionaries took the church's land and sold it. They tried to transform the Roman Catholic church into a French National Church. Clergy were forced to take an oath of loyalty supporting the constitution. In Notre Dame Cathedral, the statues of saints were torn out and replaced with statues of Voltaire & Rousseau.
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The festival of supreme being
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It was a festival for a new civic religion that was introduced. Everyone gathered in the gardens of the Tuilleries. There were speeches and set fire to a wooden statue of Atheism, folly and vIce, representing a triumph of wisdom.
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Describe the new calendar
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Because the state wanted to get rid of everything Catholic, they got rid of the Christian calendar and replaced it with one that had 12 months, each 30 days long. The months were named after things in nature.
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Describe the clothing changes
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The fancy clothing was gone. Men wore plain clothes and women wore short simple hairdos, soft cotton dresses and sandals, which imitated fashions of Ancient Greece. The new styles reflected modesty and virtue.
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Describe the changes in speech
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People were not allowed Monsieur, Madame, or Mademoiselle anymore because it signaled that you were against the revolution. Instead you used citizen and citizeness.
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Changes in art.
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Artists now painted figures in classical clothes and used scenes from ancient times to make statements.
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Jacques Louis David
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Was a famous neo-classical artist. He painted the tennis court oath, and the death of Marat.
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tumbrel
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a two wheeled wooden cart used to transport prisoners to the guillotine
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Radical clubs
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People joined in clubs to discuss the ideas. This turned the revolution on a violent path.
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Royalists
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A supporter of the king or queen.
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Maximillian Robespierre
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He was a small man who rarely smiled, and was self-centered. He took control of the committee of public safety (designed for solving problems of high prices and traitors). He used terror to root out opposition. He was at someone's trial when the suspects said "down with the tyrant, long live the republic." He was sent to jail and tried to kill himself and only shot himself in the jaw. He was guillotined the next day.
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Law of Suspects
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Introduced by the committee of public safety. Under it, people only had to be accused of being a traitor to be killed. About 40,000 died due to this law.
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Napoleon's rise to power
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He was a general in the French army. He was called on to defend the national convention when Royalists attacked. He won. He was given command of the French forces and he gained lots of territory. He used his fame to get the government to put 3 consuls in charge, and he was one of them. He became the ruling consul.
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Napoleon in office.
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He set down the Napoleonic code, a new constitution. It ensured the rights of the old constitution. He established a National Bank and balanced the national budget. to control rising prices. He built roads and bridges. He conquered even more land.
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Napoleon as Emperor
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He was very popular, and he was voted emperor because the people were tired of war. He conquered all of Europe except Great Britain, Russia, and the Ottoman (Turkish) empire.
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The attack on Russia
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Napoleon tried to attack Russia with 600,000 troops. The czar of Russia new he couldn't defeat Napoleon, so he retreated, burned fields, and slaughtered livestock so Napoleon would run out of supplies. Eventually winter came and Napoleon went back and left artillery behind. Many starved or froze. The Russian's tracked their bloody footprints and defeated them. Only 30,000 returned. Armies marched into France and exiled Napoleon to Elba, an island off Italy. Louis 18th was put in charge.
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Napoleons Return
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He escaped Elba and with 1000 men marched to Paris. People were tired of Louis 18th. Royal troops were ordered to stop Napoleon, but he marched up to them and spread his arms wide and they shouted Long Live the Emperor.
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Napoleon's Attack on Waterloo
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He tried to attack Waterloo, a village near Brussels. He thought it would be easy, despite the fact that armies were evenly matched. Halfway through the battle Prussian troops arrived and reinforced Waterloo. Napoleon lost and was exiled to St. Helena off the coast of Africa where he died.
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Neoclassicism
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They believed in copying the works of the Greeks and Romans that artists should confine themselves to great heros. They valued Thought, Reason, and the life of the MInd. They valued order.
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Romanticism
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They were interested in originality. They did their work on everyday subject and in a simpler style. They emphasized Feeling and Spontenaity before order.
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William Wordsworth
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He was an English Romantic Poet. He wrote about every day people and in the language people actually spoke. He brought emotions into his poetry. He really enjoyed nature. Some poems based on the woods. He supported the revolution
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John Constable
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A English Romantic painter. He did landscapes and tried to capture the beauty. He emphasized feelings.
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Ludwig Von Beethoven
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A German Romantic composer and he put feeling and energy into his pieces. He loved nature. He admired Napoleon before he became corrupt as emperor.
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