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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Frances class system |
Divided into 3 classes - called Estates - determines legal rights & status Different rights based on social class |
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First estate was made up of. .. |
Clergy (1% population) |
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Rights of the first estate... |
Control 5-10% of the land, make money off of it Make money off of church offerings, didn't pay taxes |
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Second estate was made up of. ... |
Nobility (2-3% population) |
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Rights of second estate. .. |
Lived in Versailles & other castles Make money from feudal dues (since they're lords of the manor, get the money from the peasants who live on their lands) Can charge taxes Can hunt Can carry weapons Nicer homes |
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Third estate was made up of |
Peasants, artisans (95% population) |
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Rights of the third estate. .. |
No rights Paid heavy taxes to pay for expensive lives styles of upper classes |
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Define Bourgeoisie |
Rising middle class, coming out of the third class Successful peasants Couldn't escape/rise above the class which they were born in to |
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What were some factors that led to unrest in the third estate |
As population increases resources decrease, raises cost of living but they are very poor Bourgeoisie want more power |
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Who became rulers of france in 1774? |
Louis XVI (the sixteenth)and wife Marie Antoinette |
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What did Louis XVI try to do to help the financial situation |
Tried to tax the clergy & nobles rather than just the peasants The upper estates refused to pay the taxes |
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What is estates general |
Frances version of Parliament |
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Why did Louis call the estates-general to meet |
He was trying to get money to pay for the extreme crazy expensive lifestyle |
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What did the first and second estates Pam to do when voting in the estates general? |
Vote together, to outnumber the third estate |
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What was the traditional way of voting in the estates general? |
Each estate got one vote- so 3 votes total |
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Why did the third estate want to change the traditional ways of voting? |
They wanted one vote per delegate, rather than just one per estate. They would have a better chance to get their issues passed because they wouldn't be outnumbered |
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How long had it been since the estates general had last met? |
Hasn't met since 1614 until 1789 So there was all new members, no experience |
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Why was the third estate locked out of the estates general? |
There were as many 3rd estate reps as 1rst & 2nd , the 1 & 2 didn't want to be out voted so they locked them out |
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Where did the third estate go after being locked out? |
To some indoor tennis courts |
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What was the tennis court oath? |
Third estate vowed to stay on the tennis courts until they got a written constitution for france |
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Who was the national assembly |
The people who went to the tennis courts -mostly third estate, few 1 & 2 |
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How did the king react to the tennis court oath? |
(All the tennis court people are considered to be commiting treason) Tries to send reps from 1 &2 to negotiate with the 3s and solve problems |
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How did the citizens think the king would react to the tennis court ppl? |
They thought he'd attack them for commiting treason Since they were third estate, they weren't allowed to own weapons, so they were unarmed so it would be an easy victory They thought he would attack to be sure he could keep absolute power & control |
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When did the French citizens storm bastille? |
July 14, 1789 (Frances independence day) |
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Why did the citizens storm bastille? |
Break in to steal weapons to defend the National assembly because they thought the king would attack |
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What was the Great fear? |
When the peasants across france went crazy - killing anyone they thought of as a threat or who represented govt, burning down buildings, etc |
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What did the nobles say they would give up when they met with the National assembly ? |
Their right to tax the pants peasants - giving this up ended feudalism |
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What year was the declaration of rights? |
1789 (French constitution) |
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What other works inspired the declaration of rights? |
USA declaration of independence, English bill of rights |
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What is stated in the declaration of rights |
All people are equal before the law Have to have good reason for arresting &punishment Gives freedom of speech, press, and religion * none of these rights were extended to women * |
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Did king Louis accept the new reforms? What did the citizens think? |
He did not accept them Again they thought he would attack the national assembly |
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What event happened that made the royal family move from Versailles to Paris? |
March to Versailles Mothers demanded/begged for food to feed their families at the gates of Versailles Royal family does nothing to help, people get angry |
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What was A new political reform to help pay off Frances nat'l debt? |
Take& sell church land |
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What did the civil constitution of the clergy do? How did the church react? |
Said priests had to be elected officials Infuriates catholic pope, cause its like the govt saying they have more power than the church Church says the won't follow this law |
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What did the new constitution of 1791 say |
Keep the monarchy but limit their power Create a unicameral legislature (one body) Enforced Voting, but only for men who payed taxes Enforced basic rights |
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Who was unhappy with the new constitution |
Bottom peasants, they thought they were left out, felt the reopens helped only 1/2 the ppl |
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Describe seating in the legislative assembly |
Conservatives (support the king, want no changes) sat on the right Radicals/liberals (wanted extreme changes) sat on the left Moderates sit middle |
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What was flight to varennes |
Arranged escape for the royal family Dressed as peasants, try to get out of france and flee to Belgium They are caught and captured, brought back to Paris, placed in custody |
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How did countries near france feel about the revolution |
Start to worry about their own county's stability |
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Who were émigrés? |
Nobles who try to revalue to other countries Begged other countries for help |
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What happened in 1792 |
France declared war on Austria, afraid the ruler (Marie Antoinette brother) would try to help save the Royals, Prussia and Sardinia declare war on france in response |
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What did the royal family ask the legislative assembly, how'd it rsspond |
Asked for protection Royal family gets arrested & thrown in jail |
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What three men gained power and leadership amidst the French Revolution? |
Robes Pierre, Danton, Marat |
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What were Danton's speeches like |
He was a phenomenal speaker Inspired the French men to go to war against the Austrians Says that they must fight to save france |
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How did french forces save the revolution |
They launch a surprise attack on foreign forces to stop them from getting to Paris |
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Who made up the National convention |
Lawyers, doctors, middle class, other professionals |
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What changes were made by the National convention |
Made france a republic Said all men could vote New calendar The metric system |
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What happened to King Louis XVI? |
Put on trial for conspiring against the revolution Sentenced to death Guillotine |
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Who were sans-culottes? |
Sans (no) culottes (pants) --> no pants Nickname for purple who wanted to get rid of influence of wealthy people Got rid of short fancy pants, more simple clothing *shopkeepers, workers, average people who banded together |
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What types of changes were made in Paris in the new Era (around the time Louis was killed) |
New style of clothing, simpler New class system Changed titles - no more "lord" - now people were called "citizen" |
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Who were the Jacobins ? |
Political group Name comes from their social bar/club - Jacobin's Huge supporters of the "everyday people", represent the lower class Sit up & left in the govt meetings Want all the changes they can get Gain great power Saw themselves as saviors of the revolution |
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Who were the girondists? |
Political group Name came from the region they came from Moderately liberal, not as far left as the Jacobins |
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Who were the plain? |
Political group In between Jacobins and girondists, eventually move towards Jacobins |
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How did other monarchs on Europe feel about the French Revolution ? |
Concerned it would spread to their own countries |
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Where did Danton hope to expand Frances borders ? |
To natural borders surrounding france |
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What was the slogan of the revolution |
"Liberty, equality, fraternity" |
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Why was the committee of public safety formed |
To direct the war, rub things smoothly They started conscription - draft - of all men she's ages 18-45 |
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What is conscription |
Draft |
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What problems did france face at home while they were at war with other countries |
Lack of money, food, resources High food prices People rioting, protesting draft & the war and being in poverty |
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What happened between Jacobins and girondists |
Girondists say Jacobins are getting too powerful Jacobins array girondists for saying that Leads to reign of terror |
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How long was reign of terror |
One year July 1793- July 1794 |
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What was the reign of terror? |
A horrible bloody time, filled with executions, no one was safe. 85% of deaths were commoners |
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What was the Republic of Virtue? |
"Democratic republic made up of good citizens" Made new schools, reveled new agricultural techniques, put a freeze on high wages and prices |
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Why didn't the radials like the Catholic church? |
They thought the church was tied to monarchy, because of its pope system. Closed the church, opened the temple of reason to worship the "supreme being" |
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Why did Danton and his supporters call for an end to the reign of terror? |
Thought enough killing had been done |
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What happened to the leaders of the reign of terror |
Arrested, put of trial, guillotine - cause they were "responsible" for all the deaths |
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Who took control of the national convention after the death of robbespierre? |
The middle class |
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What was different about the constitution of 1795? |
Only landowner men could vote Set up directory- council of five men who take place of a president/sole leader |
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What were some problems faced by the directory? |
Some people still wanted a constitutional monarchy huge gap between the rich and the poor Low funds and bankruptcy |
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How was france doing in its wars with other countries |
Holding their own, did fairly well |
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How did napoleon win favor with the directory |
He stopped people from overthrowing the directory Then he beat the Austrians |
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Who was Josephine? |
First wife of napoleon |
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How did france gain control of northern Italy? |
(Italy wasn't a country yet) Beats the Austrians, gains control through a treaty |
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Why hag napoleon been fighting in Egypt? |
Trying to mess up England's trade |
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What was discovered by Napoleon's troops while fighting in Egypt |
Rosetta Stone - helped them learn and understand hyroglyphics |
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Why did napoleon leave his troops in Egypt? |
He heard there were problems in France- riots, mobs, revolution |
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How was napoleon received when he entered Paris |
As a war hero, people said he should take over |
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What did napoleon and pet leaders do? |
A coup d'etat against the directory |
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What is a coup d'etat ? |
Overthrowing of govt |
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What happened to napoleon age the coup d'etat ? |
Ends up being the sole ruler |
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When was Napoleon's coronation? What was astonishing about it ? |
In 1804 He took the crown from the Pope to crown himself -saying he is more powerful than the Pope Then he crowned Josephine, saying he is more powerful than her as well |
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How did napoleon establish himself as an absolute Ruler? |
He comes in as a council of three , but eventually kicks out the other two |
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How was education dealt with under Napoleon's rule? |
He put education under government control, created schools, universities, high schools - so it was as close to public education as the world has seen so far He believed education would make France more successful |
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What did Napoleon do to bring inflation and high prices under control? |
He created the bank of France, which collects taxes come up with taxes in the bank, and loans Money to businesses - keeps inflation down and prices reasonable |
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What was Napoleon's code? |
The laws he created |
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What were some things included in the Napoleonic Code? |
All people are equal under the laws - laws Don't Change based on status, class, or religious beliefs. Government jobs were based on Merit. Government is placed above the individual, so they had things like censorship. Women didn't have rights |
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What was the concordat of 1801? |
Agreement between the church and government that says Catholic is the main religion in France, but other religions are okay |
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What title did Napoleon give himself in 1804? |
Emperor of the French |
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What was the significance of the battle of Trafalgar? |
Admiral Nelson of England defeated Napoleon, which stop Napoleon from invading England |
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What was the Continental System? |
Created by Napoleon Says every country in Europe that he's either Concord or aligned with has to stop trading with England |
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What was the outcome of the Continental System? |
England does okay, because the British Navy controls the Seas so the lack of trade didn't really hurt them. The Continental System hurt the country who couldn't trade with England and it made France's economy worse |
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What are some other countries that were ruled by members of Napoleon's family? |
Spain, Holland, Italy, Naples - puts relatives in charge of countries he conquered |
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How was nationalism beginning to play into history? |
Countries (for example the countries Napoleon ruled) didn't want to be ruled by another country |
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Which countries were beginning to show signs of uniting against France? |
Spain and Russia |
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Why did Napoleon become angry with the Russians and decide to invade? |
The Russian ruler said Russia wouldn't be a part of the Continental System |
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How many soldiers did Napoleon send to Russia |
600000 soldiers |
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What did the Russians use of the policy to keep the French troops from getting supplies? |
"Scorched earth" - they Retreat, burn Russia down as they go to the French soldiers cannot resupply |
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How did weather plan to France's defeat in Russia |
The French were hit with the harsh Russian winter that they weren't used to 40000 soldiers died |
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Which countries sent armies against Napoleon's forces? |
Russia Prussia Spain England Austria Italy |
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What happened in Leipzig, Germany in October 1813 |
Napoleon gets defeated by those countries who sent armies against him |
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What is abdicate |
Forced to step down |
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Who became ruler after napoleon abdicated |
Louis the eighteenth (XVIII) |
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What happened to napoleon after he abdicated ? What happened to France ? |
Napoleon was exiled to an island France was restored to its previous borders -returned to original size |
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What was the Hundred Days? |
March 1 1815 - napoleon escapes his island, goes back to France, Wants to rule again, says he won't do the same thing |
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Why did Prussia, great Britain , and Netherlands advance towards france? |
Didn't trust Napoleon when he said he wouldn't try to restore his empire/dynasty again |
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Where was Napoleon's final defeat? |
Waterloo |
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Where was napoleon sent for his final exile? |
Saint Helena He dies, probably poisoned |
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What ideas/contributions did napoleon's reign leave behind and spread across Europe? |
Equality before the law Religious toleration Advancement in careers by earning/merit Uniform standard of govt Fair tax structure Promoted education Improved agriculture & industry |
