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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the order of society
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Estates
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clergy
1% of population higher and lower clergy |
First Estate
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10% tax on income that the higher clergy had to pay
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Tithe
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nobility
2% of population |
Second Estate
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palace
made by Louis XVI to show how much money France had |
Versailles
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97% of population
Bourgeoisie, peasants, artisans few political rights |
Third Estate
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middle class
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Bourgeoisie
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grandson of Louis XV
wife-Marie Antoinette |
Louis XVI
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husband-Louis XVI
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Marie Antoinette
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its all of the estates put together to debate about certain issues
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Estates-General
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when the king demanded the estates meet seperately
third estate named themselves this and gathered at a nearby tennis court with deputies from other estates that supported their cause |
The National Assembly
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promising not to disband until they had written a constitution for France
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The Tennis Court Oath
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the third estate focused on this Paris prison so they could steal weapons to defend themselves
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The Bastille
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royalists leader who had aided colonists in the American Revolution
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Marquis de Lafayette
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A radical group who won control of Paris's city government and pushed for an end to the monarchy
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Paris Commune
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incorporated the idea of Englightenment (stating that all people are equal before the law), freedom of speech, press, and religion, and protected against arbitrary arrest and punishment
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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a liberal bishop that backed up the National Assembly
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Maurice de Talleyrand
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a measure that placed the French church under government control and turned the clergy into elected, salaried officials
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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this constitution kept the monarchy but limited royal powers
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Constitution of 1791
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one-house assembly whose members were to be chosen by voters
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Unicameral legislature
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the right to vote
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Suffrage
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elected delegates were seated by their political beliefs
reactionary royalists-right moderates-center radicals wanted republic-left |
Legislative Assembly
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nobles who had feld France hoped to restore Louis XVI to full power
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French emigres
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French revolutionary feared that Austria would reinstate Louis so they declared war
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French Declaration of War on Austria (1792)
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Paris mobs killed imprisoned nobles and priests accused for political crimes
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September massacres
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victory at Valmy vanished all thoughts of defeat which boosted the spirits of the revolutionaries
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Valmy
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the National Assembly ended the monarchy right after the victory of Valmy and made France a republic
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French Republic
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passed into law a number of democratic reforms and wrote France's first democratic constitution
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National Convention
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meaning that every man could vote whether or not he owned property
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Universal manhood suffrage
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convention members replaced the monarchy's confusing system of weights and measures with this which is still used today
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Metric system
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a killing machine the revolutionaries had adopted as a humane means of execution which was used to killed Louis XVI
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Guillotine
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Paris's shopkeepers, artisans, and workers
means without breeches |
Sans-culottes
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wealthy Parisians addressed each other as this instead of mister or madame
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Citizen (citizeness)
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supporters of sans-culottes and extreme radicals were called this
formed the Mountain |
Jacobins
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The Mountain
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so called because its members sat on high benches at the rear of the hall
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Maximilien Robespierre
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one of the leaders of the Mountain which saw itself as the defender of the revolution and the voice of the people
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Girondists
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felt that the revolution had gone far enough and wanted to protect the wealthy middle class from radical attacks
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The Plain
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made up of undecided deputies who were a majority of the Convention
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Committee of Public Safety
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to direct the entire war effort, adopted the conscription, turned the conflict into the world's first "people's war"
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Conscription
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draft, calling up all men between the ages of 18 and 45 for military services, and upon the skills and resources of all civilians
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Reign of Terror
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the Jacobins set out to crush all opposition within France
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Republic of Virtue
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the Jacobin-controlled Commitee of Public Safety set this up which meant a democratic republic made up of good citizens
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Temples of Reason
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radical revolutionaries closed churches or turned them into these, fearing a further loss of support for the revolution among believers
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The Directory
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the constitution set up this executive council of five men called directors that ruled with a two-house legislature
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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French military leader who attracted public attention
married-Josephine de Beauharnais |
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Coup d'etat of 1799
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quick seizure of power, Napoleon joined against the Directory in 1799
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Plebiscite
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popular vote
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First Consul
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the executive branch was a committee of three members called the consuls, Napoleon took first consul and quickly concentrated power into his own hands
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Lycees
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secondary schools, that were designed to provide well-educated, patriotic government workers
students mostly from wealthy families |
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Napoleonic Code
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it was based on Enlightenment such as the equality of all citizens before law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit
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Concordat of 1801
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Napoleon acknownledged that Catholicism was the religion of the majority of French people but affirmed religious toleration for all
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Treaty of Amiens
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Napoleon was not able to defeat the British navy, but the British were ready for peace because their commerce had suffered during the war so both powers signed this
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Emperor of French
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Napoleon named himself this in 1804
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Battle of Trafalgar
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The British defeated the French navy, removing once and for all the possibility of a French invasion of Great Britain
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Lord Nelson
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was the admiral person who led the British to defeat the French
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Continental System
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Napoleon ordered all European nations he had conquered to stop trade with Britain
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War of 1812
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Between Britain and the US because of the conflict of the seas
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Confederation of the Rhine
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Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire and created the Confederation of the Rhine, a loose organization of the German states
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Nationalism
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the yearning for self-rule and restoration of their customs and traditions
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Alexander I of Russia
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viewed Napoleon's control of Europe a threat to Russia, withdrew from the Continental System and resumed trade with Great Britain
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Leipzig (1813)
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Russia, Prussia, and Austria defeated Napoleon here
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Napoleon's exile in Elba
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Louis the XVIII was restored to the throne
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Hundred Days
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Napoleon again reigned as emperor when he came back from being exiled and got a lot of support from the people
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Waterloo (1815)
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Napoleon met the armies of Prussia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands because they didnt want him to regain his former strength and France lost making Napoleon go on house arrest where he died
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Duke of Wellington
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Arthur Wellesley commander of the British troops helped aid the Spaniards who overthrew thier French occupiers
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Congress of Vienna
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the kings, princes, and diplomats gathered for a peace conference
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Prince von Metternich
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believed to establish European stability by restoring it to how it was before the French revolution
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Buffer states
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neutral territories
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German Confederation
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forms 39 independant German states headed by Austria
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Reactionaries
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people who opposed change and wanted to return things to the way they had been in earlier times
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Liberalism
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a political philosophy influencing European peoples in the 1800s
supported ideas such as freeom of speech, press, and religion |
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Quadruple Alliance
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Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed this to maintain the settlements of Vienna
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Holy Alliance
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issued by Alexandar I of Russia that called for Christain rulers in Europe to cooperate as a union of monarchs
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Concert of Europe
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regular meetings that were decided by the two alliances that encouraged European nations to work together to preserve peace
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Carlsbad Decrees
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imposed strict censorship on all publications and suppressed freedom of speech
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