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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 Aspects// Important Components of French Rev
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1. Liberty - Rights to make choices
2. Equality 3. Fraternity/Brotherhood - Standing Together |
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Type of Government France has today
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Social Republic
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Locke
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A state should be based on a contract between "governor" and "governed" (such as in Magna Carta and Constitution)
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Rousseau
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Social Contract of 1762, "the people have a duty to obey only legitimate powers. The rightful rulers are the people" (men are CORRUPT AT HEART)
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Montesquieu
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abuses by the state can be avoided by divisions of powers
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Voltaire
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through education and reason, men could separate himself from the "beasts"
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Estates (Book Definition)
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3 classes French society was divided into before Revolution
1) clergy (1st) - Priviledged religious ppl 2) nobles (2nd) 3) townspeople (3rd) |
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Taille
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Annual Direct Tax on land that provided regular income for French monarchy
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Bourgeoisie
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middle class including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
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Louis XVI
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French Monarch
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Tennis Court Oath
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3rd Estate swears to continue meeting until they had a new constitution (on indoor tennis court after they were locked out of the original meeting place by the king)
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Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
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inspired by English BOR and American Decl or Indep and Constitution; charter of basic liberties
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Olympe de Gouges
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female writer who refused to accept exclusion of women
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Sans-Culottes
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"without breeches," identified themselves as ordinary patriots without fine clothes
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Georges Danton
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Newly apointed minister of justice who rallied sans-culottes to attack the palace
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Jean-Paul Marat
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New leader who published a radical journal and defended the September masses
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Jacobins
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radical club near taverns that felt king should be executed
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Factions
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Dissenting Groups
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Committee of Public Safety
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During a time of uprisings and threats, given broad powers
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Maximilien Robespierre
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dominated committee after Danton, Radical Jacobin
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Reign of Terror
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policies adopted by committee after it took control of government to defend France from domestic threats
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Electors
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qualified voters who chose members of houses
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Directory
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Executive committeee of 5 chosen by Council of Elders from a list presented by Council of 500
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Coup'de'tat
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Sudden overthrow of government
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Man with military success, became commander of French armies, won battles and came back as a hero
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Consulate
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Government Established in France after overthrow of Directory in 1799, Napoleon as first Consul in control of entire government
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Civil Code
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One of 7 law codes made to preserve principles Revolutionaries fought for
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Anne-Louise-Germaine de Stael
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Prominent writer, protester, so Napoleon shut down newspapers and banned books
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Nationalism
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Sense of unique identitiy of a people based on common language, religion, and natural symbols
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Duke of Wellington
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lead Prussian army at Waterloo against Napoleon
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Estates Descriptions
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1st- clergy, privileged religious people, wealthy, no tax, closely knit w/ 2nd class
2nd - nobles, had money and land, had titles (Marquee of DeVil...), pay no taxes, pass down title to family members 3rd - all others, lead by middle class, poor people |
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Change of Classes in 1780s
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Clergy is 2 groups (high - related to nobility, and low - related to middle class)
Nobility is same Others broken into 3 groups: 1) bourgeoisie - market owners, docs, lawyers 2) City workers - work for community 3) peasants/serfs |
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Estates General
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175 years abolished until1789... 1st, 2nd, 3rd classes each have one vote
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Start of Aristocratic Revolution
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Crisis of Monarchy, france in debt, backed king and country into a corner
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King's Response to Crisis of Monarchy and People's Reaction
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King asks nobility to pay taxes, nobility says no and look for a chance to take power of king - call estates general on May 5, 1789
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Effects of Calling of Estates General
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King is no longer absoute
King locks 3rd estate out of meeting hall, so they meet at another place (tennis court!) |
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What does 3rd Estate do after tennis court oath during Bourgeois Revolution?
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Estates Gen no longer exists, so 3rd estate proclaim themselves as Nat Assemb, King okays it and they become true reps of France
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Major Components of Popular Revolution
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Mobilization of the Masses, Paris Rev of July 14, Municipal revs in provinces, mobilization of masses uses people as police for Paris
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Storming of Bastille
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Castle-like fortress in Paris, symbol of iron fist in control; mob tries to free political prisoners... kill captain
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What happened with the Municipal Revolutions?
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Spread to Bigger Cities, more Stormings
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Peasant Revolution
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Peasantry - "low life" field workers, agrian revolts and Great Fear, people disregard power of nobility
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David
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artist of the revolution, thrown in jail (seen as traitor), court artist for Napoleon... painted Marat (killed by Cordet who was a woman who hated radicals)
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First Estate
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CLERGY, high= wealthy, low= lower and middle class, own 5-10% of land
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Second Estate
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NOBILITY, owned 25% of land, highest offices (govt and army), received gifts and pension, no taxes, jealous of king's power
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Third Estate
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ALL OTHERS, 3 groups: 1) peasants; 2) city workers; 3) Middle class (bourgeoisie)
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Decl of Rights of Man
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Government belongs to people as a whole, "natural rights" - liberty and equality
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1st Revolution
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Estates General Convenes at Versailles
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2nd Revolution
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3rd Estate is the National Assembly
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Climax of the Popular Revolution
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Storming of Bastille, Great Fear, Abolition of Legal Orders, Decl of rights of Man
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Women's March on Versailles
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Bread shortage, demand to see King Louis, King and Fam flee to Paris after giving them grain (Lafayette is mediator)
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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Doc by Nat Assembly; "Clergy controlled by state of France" (puts them under the people, now land owned by clergy belongs to people)
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Events after war on Austria
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1.Intro of Paris Commune (take control of nat assemb and arrest king for treason)
2.Nat Convention declares France a republic 3. September Massacres |
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Left/Liberals
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1) Cordeliers - radical-type, liberal men
2) Danton - ran cordeliers, want to get rid of king 3) Jacobins - ran by Marat 4) Robespierre - voice and actor of reign of terror |
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Moderate
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Girondists - not too keen on allowing king to stay in place after he flees
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Right/Conservative
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Royalists - okay with regime having power
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Beliefs of Jacobins
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Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity or DEATH
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Kangaroo Courts
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judge, jury, and prosecutor, decision made BEFORE trial
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Revolutionary Colors
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Blue, white, and red
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Joseph Ignance Guillotin
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beheading is no longer just for nobles, process should be painless as possible
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Legislative Assembly's Law about Death
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required death by machine, Dr. Antoine Louis and Tobias Schmidt
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Icons of the Revolution
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1st = storming of Bastille
2nd = guillotine |
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Reforms of the Revolution
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1) feudalism ended
2) church and nobility no longer demand fees and taxes 3) govt admin divided country into 2 departments 4) metric system 5) land given to peasants 6) Clergy under state control 7) Limited power of King 8) Legislative body set up |
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Directory
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executive group, oligarchy of 5 men, fought, gave friends political positions, spent money and went bankrupt, unpopular - only property owners vote, wealthy controlled govt and votes
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Napoleon Bonaparte's Rise
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1) General, upset w/ Directory
2) Takes over, national hero 3) Sets up Consulate, incharge of military, new laws, establishes French Nat Bank, lasts 5 yrs 4) Plebescite of 1800 - new constitution? YES 5) Public education 6) Concordat of 1801 - agreement w/ Pope that govt appts Bishops if French ppl stay catholic |
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More rise of Bonaparte
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1) Louisiana Purchase - sells land
2) Defeats 2nd coalition and gets rid of hostile government 3) Sets up Continental system, peace after union of countries 4) Plebescite of 1804 - France to be an Empire? YES |
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Bonaparte as Emperor
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1) Reinstates Regime/Monarchy
2) Battle of Austerlitz won, wants to establish larger empire 3) Battle of Trafalgar - Crossing of T 4) Defeated at Leipzig and exiled to ELBA, 100 days return, defeated by Quadruple Alliance, exiled to ST. HELENA |
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Mistakes Bonaparte Made
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1) Continental System
2) Peninsular War (w/ Spanish, "guerrilla warfare") 3)Invasion of Russia for Breaking off Cont. Syst & being Allies w/ Brits |
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2 people from the Quad Alliance
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Wellington (Britain)
Blucher (Prussia) |
