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129 Cards in this Set
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Themes of the French Revolution
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freedom, equality, constitutional rule, violence, war, conflict, expression
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Origins of French Revolution
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Realm of spirit of revolution
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ideas associated with symbols such as flags
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Origins of French Revolution
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Revolution not reform
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Improving conditions of their lives, focusing on social ascent.
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Origins of French Revolution
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Revolutionary Mentality
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present ideas and then group together to act on them
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Origins of French Revolution
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French discourse
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France a society of orders, bounded hierarchies (born a peasant, die a peasant), static system of social organization
unstable society; open rules, social, political, economic corruption |
Origins of French Revolution
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Discourse of Revolution
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broad sense of need for change,
nature of political authority needed to be addressed, taxation should be adjusted, Cultural flux of meanings asks - for representing and analysing - new theoretical and empirical resources |
Origins of French Revolution
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society
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how people relate to one another; hierarchy of social positions
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Origins of French Revolution
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Groups of French Society
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1st estate -clergy
2nd estate -nobility 3rd estate -commons (96% of population) |
Origins of French Revolution
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1st estate - clergy
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French church has large power and priviledge
-registers bith, marriage -manages deaths -collects tides(10% of income)/taxes -sensored books that challenged beliefs. -ran schools -took care of the poor, provided them relief -legal monopoly of public worship -paid no tax, even when owned land (donation once a year to French government) |
Origins of French Revolution
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Archbishop of Seville
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provided care for poor during 1709 famine in Spain
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Origins of French Revolution
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1787 change in church money
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gov't asked church to set aside rights to pay 5 billion leva.
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Origins of French Revolution
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hierarchy divisions
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constant through clergy, state
noble -> priest, status quo. peasant -> priest, revolutionary. no movement between noble clergy and peasant clergy. |
Origins of French Revolution
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1789
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Revolution began
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Origins of French Revolution
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Cahiers de doleances
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list of grievances, prompted from King Louis 16th. May 1789, priests talk about problems with villagers, draw up list (priests-the only educated to write)
-supported poor against unfair taxes -free house of charity established for children |
Origins of French Revolution
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contribution to Napolean Bonaparts rising to power
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poor in countryside rose up against revolution because gov't started to kill priests taking list of grievances.
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Origins of French Revolution
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absolutism
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extend power in such a way that they control interest of people
-jived with catholic church understanding of static order. |
Origins of French Revolution
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Representative of God's children
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Kings ruled by divine right, sole advisor of God, resposible to God's children (not to subjects)
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Origins of French Revolution
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Pyramid structure
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Regent-King
Nobility, Clergy Commoners, 96% of population |
Origins of French Revolution
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King Louis XVI (r.1774 - 1793)
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very religious,
didn't want to be king, commited to family, wanted to serve in enlightened ways, but lacked capacity to run gov't and put good reforms into effect. Decapitated. |
Origins of French Revolution
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Marie Antoinette
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wife of King Louis XVI,
German, gave her a free hand, shuffling of alliances at gov't top level corruption - led to paralysis a.institutional b.beurocratic |
Origins of French Revolution
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How to avert a revolution
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Must desire it enough to carry it out yourself, so you can manage its power.
Create reforms as pressure valves, release pressure of leading. |
Origins of French Revolution
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2nd Estate
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Nobility -controlled all high church and gov't offices.
Quality of beurocracy poor because people in positions due to birth rather than ability. exempt from taxes or used power to evade them - collect money from peasants on their land. |
Origins of French Revolution
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Karl Marx (on society)
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a)3 groups in society will fight
b) priviledged group will be attacked by poor class c) revolution will occur PROBLEM: revolutionaries weren't poor, but french nobles who had much in common with elites of third estate |
Origins of French Revolution
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connection between 2nd and 3rd estate
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Elite of 3rd estate had much in common with Nobles.
Important alliance between weaker nobility and notables (commoners who mocked nobility) |
Origins of French Revolution
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notables
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commoners who mocked nobility; active in regional courts - pushed for change in courts. important group in revolution, reform-minded beauristocrats, commercially engaged nobles and upwardly-mobile bourgeois, people who had time to sit around and argue - wanted to be judged on basis of achievements
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Origins of French Revolution
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nobles of the sword
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1st group of nobles
nobles who came from long line of nobles |
Origins of French Revolution
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nobles of the robe
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2nd group of nobles
individuals made into nobles (by gov't) so leader could have more money and things the way they wanted. |
Origins of French Revolution
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Notables' change
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important group for revolution;
exist on change - but moderate change. advancement, disgusted with Louis XVI, anxious to expand education and increase literacy, do away with censorship, allow uninhibited exchange of ideas(compelled by enlightenment) |
Origins of French Revolution
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Connection between Enlightenment and French Revolution
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enlightenment influenced uninhibited exchange of ideas, a change French Notables were working toward
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Origins of French Revolution
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Issac Newton 1687
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most important work -"Principia Mathematica"
This generated considerable excitement among most educated Europe |
Origins of French Revolution
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Principia Mathematica
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a)argued that material world was stable, predictable, governed by universally applicable laws. (NOT BY MAGIC)
b)there is rationality in universe, patterns through critical thinking c) reason of natural world - if we can discover principals about human world, we can change that too. |
Origins of French Revolution
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connection between science and enlightenment
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has to do with change from natural reality to human reality.
Newtonian science foundational to understanding! |
Origins of French Revolution
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Philosophe
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moderate and radical
ex: Voltaire, Franklin, Kant, Wollstonecraft 1. believed in Newtonian science, math -world understandable through science 2. clergy needs to go -no rule by religious dogma 3. everyone worship the way they want 4. Freedom of the press 5. Willing to entertain heresies (like athiests, evolution) 6. Bible isn't literal word of God. |
Origins of French Revolution
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Marie-Jean Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794)
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Progress of the Human Mind - nine stages of human progress, tenth to be perfection.
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Origins of French Revolution
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Propoganda of philosophe
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Philosophes had money, used much propaganda to create and audience interested in what they had to say, audience promotes their popularity.
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Origins of French Revolution
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philosophe and beliefs
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helped to shape modern beliefs in tolerance, human rights, free speech
-aimed discourse at monarchical absolutism |
Origins of French Revolution
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public sphere
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zone for social life, outside family, unattached to church.
not free in France, but Philosophes efforts helped promote the free sphere today. |
Origins of French Revolution
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coffee houses
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public spheres where radical ideas developed.
modern age, political violence |
Origins of French Revolution
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Voltaire
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philosophe that popularized ideas of the enlightenment, hated religious intolerance, good monarch - humans rarely worthy to govern themselves, against equality among servants and masters
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Origins of French Revolution
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Candide
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by Voltaire
satirical, clergy suspicious |
Origins of French Revolution
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Montesquieu
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philosophe that promoted separation of powers, so executive doesn't run amok.
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Origins of French Revolution
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Rousseau
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philosophe that wrote social contract theory similar to Locke. people choose own gov't, give birth to civil society. the people are the -general will_ that should guide officials in how they govern
to be human = to be free |
Origins of French Revolution
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Locke
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Philosophe with contract theory that originally promoted rebellion against unworthy ruler.
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Origins of French Revolution
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vocab of philosophe theories
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theories of philosophes provide important vocab that revolutionaries could draw on:
despotism, tyrany, arbitrary power, immutable laws |
Origins of French Revolution
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Parlements
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regional courts
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Origins of French Revolution
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1713
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parlement (judicial courts) in Paris declared: not flock who must obey shepherd, but shepherd who must conform to flock's will
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Origins of French Revolution
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18th century -clash between Kings and Parlement
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Kings wanted to be obeyed, while parlement said shepherds must conform to flocks
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Origins of French Revolution
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Waterloo theme
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War is glorious, what modern warfare was going to apply to human bodies
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Moderate Revolution
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Discourse
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ideas you're confronted with: language, environment.
shaped the way people lived. A necessary precondition for Revolution. |
Moderate Revolution
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Common discourses
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-power shouldn't be arbitrary (no king)
-power should be limited by branches -Catholic church powered needed check (main wealth) -religious liberty ought to be established in law -institutions need to be more rational -what reason recommends as "right and valid" ought to be the measure for every aspect of French life. |
Moderate Revolution
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general will impact on French nation
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led to positive development toward popular sovereignty draft
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Moderate Revolution
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3rd estate contributions to revolution - chief claims of discourse
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-poor wanted access to cheep food
-wanted to be equal and free -wanted destruction of rank and priviledge of Nobility -wanted sovereignty to reside in all people, not just rich -wanted voices to count equally -wanted every citizen to be guaranteed food -gov't provide welfare to poor -wanted redistribution of wealth -give land to poor -private property shouldn't be absolute -tax rich, give to poor. -gov't responsibility to guarantee happiness. |
Moderate Revolution
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Martin Luther
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crush peasants when they rise up
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Moderate Revolution
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discourse / ideas need:
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movement/action
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Moderate Revolution
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movement that started Revolution
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Collapse of French economy, which was tied closely to problems with gov't structure: heavy beaurocratized absolutist state
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Moderate Revolution
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Problems with French gov't
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1. inadequate staffing -positions in state office through paying money or family name
2. Tariffs on out of state products -interstate commerce created artificial rises in price of products, slows economic growth 3. different weights and measures in country -problems transferring goods 4. exploitative business practices 5. Five different dialects - language/communication problems 6. no single law code -roman law in south, feudal law in north 7. gov't difficulty raising taxes, couldn't pay off its debt |
Moderate Revolution
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French Gov't debts
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-Seven Years War
-American Revolution (provided resources for colonists against British. |
Moderate Revolution
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French gov't money source
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extract money from poor, peasantry
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Moderate Revolution
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21 million
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peasants in rural France, most lived in poverty, illiterate, couldn't make enough farming -worked two jobs, not enough
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Moderate Revolution
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Population increase
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late 18th century.
1. weather 2. science 3. per capita of food stronger -more food = earlier menstration, more babies |
Moderate Revolution
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problems with population increase
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tough on small land owners, competition for limited resources
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Moderate Revolution
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many taxes on peasants
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taille - cut of income to church
capitation - head tax vingtieme - banalities - fees to land lord (caused by sale of land to other land lords) gabelle -salt tax, gov't monopoly of salt landlord attempt to monopolize alcohol |
Moderate Revolution
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cause of taxes
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by end of 18th century, high misery of French peasantry, run away inflation on basic commodities -drove many into poverty
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Moderate Revolution
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1788-89
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poor harvest, misery grew, starvation tempted rebellion
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Moderate Revolution
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1785-1789
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cost of living in Paris increased 62%
wages increased only 22% Urban poor included craftsmen, deliverymen -people paid by those they served. |
moderate revolution
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King's plan to resolve financial crisis
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stamp tax, annual produce of soil tax (with nobles' approval)
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moderate revolution
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May 1789
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proposed Paris meeting date to discuss cahiers de doleances with estates general
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Moderate Revolution
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1614
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last time estates general met
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Moderate Revolution
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Nobels response to Kings financial crisis solution
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King needed nobles support, requested meeting of estates general, requested monarchy abdicate arbitrary authority to arrest
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Moderate Revolution
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problem with list of grievances
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list direct and clear, created in a way French could not fix. French population excited because they thought problems would be fixed, went crazy when they weren't.
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Moderate Revolution
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Estates general voting style
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clergy, nobility, commons
each group gets one vote clergy and nobility usually agreed, so it was two to one, so commoners wanted to vote as individuals rather than by orders. Wanted reps of third party to be doubled because 96% of population is commoners. |
Moderate Revolution
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estates general results
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reformist minded members figured the reformist minded nobles would help the 3rd estate, they didn't. Clergy and nobles voted against revolt, so third estate walked out, formed own assembly.
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Moderate Revolution
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June 17, 1789
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3rd estate formed own assembly called National Assembly, declared estates general nol and void. own community, make decisions for themselves
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Moderate Revolution
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bureaucrat
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fixed routine without exercising intelligent judgment
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Moderate Revolution
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Upper class response to formation of National Assembly
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Kings and Reps didn't like National Assembly, so they locked doors to meeting hall.
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Moderate Revolution
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June 20, 1789
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National Assembly met in a tennis court (because meeting hall locked) and took an oath not to disband until they had written a new constitution
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Moderate Revolution
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Tennis court oath impact
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France on threshhold of social revolution, ruin status of current power
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Moderate Revolution
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July 14, 1789
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mobs frustrated, no food, needed weapons, stormed Bastille
Governor orders guards to fire on crowd, 98 killed, 98 wounded. Crowd aim cannon at door of Bastille. Governor and 5 hacked to death, heads paraded on pipes through city |
Moderate Revolution
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National Assembly Constitution
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limit kings power
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Moderate Revolution
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The Great Fear
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burned the whole manor to get rid of recorded debt
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Moderate Revolution
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Aug 4, 1789
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King recognized National Assembly
-destroy feudalism to deal with problem -duties/fees peasants had to pay now gone -noble hunting priviledge now gone -lost right to demand labor services -no more sales of state offices -adapted declaration of rights of man |
Moderate Revolution
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Declaration of rights of man
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1. men born and remain free and equal
2. right of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression 3. sovereignty resides in the nation 4. law is expression of general will 5. free communication of ideas 6. common contributions to gov't, equally distributed |
Moderate Revolution
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Constitution of 1791
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French gov't Constitution (limited) monarchy (like British)
-all citizens possess same civil rights -had money/property, paid taxes and voted -didn't have property, didn't vote -king stripped of legislative authority -loses control of army -loses control of local gov't -ended Royal absolutism -revented mass of French citizens from gaining control of their gov't |
Moderate Revolution
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Oct 5, 1789
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Parisian women revolt for bread at Versaille, accompanied by National Guard
-when women revolt, you know oppression is high |
Moderate Revolution
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Summer 1792
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Second Revolution
Notables fell from power, replaced by Jacobins because 1. lower classes not helped by revolution -no vote and no political power -economic problem -uncontrolled inflation |
Moderate Revolution
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Summer 1791
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2. fatal mistake by king "I am no longer King, but a puppet of assembly". king escapes, tries to cross French border to Austria to raise army and invade own country _ TREASON, gets caught, he and family return to Paris until trial
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Moderate Revolution
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conflict with all Europe
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3. other countries in Europe didn't like what was going on in France, in order to prevent this change in own countries, attempted to destroy them in the mother country (france)
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Moderate Revolution
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4 reasons contours of revolution lay in doubt
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1. disatisfaction of revolutionary governments
2. treason of the king 3. 25 years of unremitting conflict on continent 4. Rise of Jacobins -radical revolutionaries, willing to kill for their beliefs |
Radical Revolution
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Jacobins
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radical revolutionaries, willing to kill for their beliefs
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Radical Revolution
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1789-1799
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Revolutionary Decade
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Radical Revolution
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extent to which political power should be distributed
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Notables elites placed king on defense. Notables dismantled feudal order. Notables crank open French society.
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Radical Revolution
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bourgeoisie
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middle class, new elite, doesn't help more than other elites
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Radical Revolution
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sans-culottes
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trousers instead of knee britches. laboring poor and petty traders in cities.
capable of commiting shocking acts of revolutionary violence |
Radical Revolution
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discontent of sans-culotte
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connected to their perceived access of food, demanded cheep food!
you could get food if you had cash, so sans culotte requested: 1. raise minimum wage 2. gov't set max prices 3. find/punish food hoarders |
Radical Revolution
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urban food crisis
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high cost of foods
acute shortages of uncontrolled goods like cooking oil black marketeering, food adulteration -paint rotten fish, add sawdust to grain men and women acted on impulses to get food to live. |
Radical Revolution
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what women fought for
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official state persecution of church, riot about food to feed babies
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Radical Revolution
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Jacobins
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representatives of Sans-culottes, democratic rhetoric of egalitarian fraternity, masking the established new class of elites that wanted to take advantage of the low class again!
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Radical Revolution
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storming of Paris prison
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so prisoners and aristocrats might fight on their side. inmates (including innocents) killed. One -Princess Mademoiselle de Lamballe, mutilated, head paraded.
Jacobins took advantage of this chaos. |
Radical Revolution
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Federalists
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worry about radical central gov't
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Radical Revolution
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Girondin
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Federalists, right side, no longer popular political Jacobin party, use coercive force of state to aid Revolution
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Radical Revolution
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carte de surete
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required to prove ones loyalty to revolution
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Radical Revolution
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Mountain
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upper left conservatives
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Radical Revolution
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National Convention
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intended to impose Jacobin reforms
Jacobins knew poor and sans culotte their allies, but needed to control them |
Radical Revolution
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Jacobin accomplishments
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-distribute land among more than just nobles
-passed constitution of 1793 -bill of rights 1789 -all adult males right to vote, not just rich -no more slavery -no more imprisonment for debts -free public education |
Radical Revolution
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schools
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churches attacked, churches own schools, many schools shut down, so Jacobins set up alternative schooling
-father to eldest son, -metric system -robust religion policy...disaster for French revolution |
Radical Revolution
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biens nationaux
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seizure of national goods
religious policy stole gov't property and sold it |
Radical Revolution
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1790 civil constitution of clergy
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all priests had to take oath of loyalty to the state, negative impact because many priests wouldn't, refusal = imprisonment and torture
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Radical Revolution
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dechristianization
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kick priests and nuns out, force them to marry, no catholicism, religion is farce, do away with liturgical calendar, deface christian iconography, melt church bells, strip church of valuables
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Radical Revolution
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counter-revolution
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provoked by dechristianization, poor, faithful Catholics unhappy, hacked down liberty tree, demanded return of church bells, grew violent
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Radical Revolution
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violent counter-revolution acts
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Jacobins started killing priests and nuns, so poor rose up in revolt
-this drained resources, plunged revolution into peril |
Radical Revolution
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Europe vs. France
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gov't facing array of foreign invaders, Europe horrified by Jacobins in France
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Radical Revolution
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April 1792
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France declares war on Austria. French army poorly led.
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Radical Revolution
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20 sept, 1792
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Battle of Valmy
Gov't got lucky when army stiffend and successfully stopped invaders |
Radical Revolution
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Levee en Masse
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everyone has a job in war agains Europe
able-bodied men - drafted women - sew, make tents, uniforms, bandage children - serve in army, make bullets old men - distribute propoganda |
Radical Revolution
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70 million
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non combatants died in Europe
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Radical Revolution
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The Terror
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National committee delegated responsibility to several individuals of committee called Public safety. Robespierre, leader. originally high integrity "the incorruptable", by end guilty of mass murder
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Radical Revolution
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Marat
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stabbed to death in tub
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Radical Revolution
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April 1794
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danton killed for statement "terror out of hand"
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Radical Revolution
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July 28, 1794
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Robespierre guillotined
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Radical Revolution
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special courts
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quick tribunals that ended in deathused by Jacobins to try suspects in a way that was intended to impress communities, executions in public to terrorize people to fall in line
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Radical Revolution
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40 thousand
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perished during the terror, including Louis 16th and wife marie antoinette
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Radical Revolution
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characteristic features of modern identity
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fear of religious radicalism, become secularists in public life, public demonstrations of religion threatened, led to inquisition
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Radical Revolution
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5-6 thousand
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died in Spanish inquisition
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Radical Revolution
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8 thousand
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number killed during 350 years of Catholic inquisitions
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Radical Revolution
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number killed during catholic inquisitions * 5
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40 thousand killed in french terror in 40 years
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Radical Revolution
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Jacobins saved French Revolution with Terror
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-crushed counter-revolution
-crusted federalists |
Radical revolution
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1789-1791
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Thermadorians, calendar month changes
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Radical revolution
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1794
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robespierre fell, Frenchmen "Jacobin republic needs to go", end popular battle, hammer to Sans culotte
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Radical revolution
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Napolean Bonapart
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1799 ideas of equality/freedom, not what revolutionists had in mind
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Radical revolution
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