French Revolution 18

Front 1

Who composed the 1st estate and describe the estate?

Back 1

 Made up of less than 1 percent of the total population
 Role of the clergy:
 registered- births, marriages, deaths
 collected tithes
 also: censored books, operated schools, charity to the poor
 Roman Catholic Clergy:
1. Higher- Bishops 2. Lower- Parish PriestsOwned 10% of the land
 paid no taxes
 role of the “free gift”?
 land revenue+tithe=INCOME
 10% tax on income for each church member= TITHE

Front 2

Describe the 2nd estate?

Back 2

 Made up of less than 1 percent of the total population
 Role of the clergy:
 registered- births, marriages, deaths
 collected tithes
 also: censored books, operated schools, charity to the poor
 Roman Catholic Clergy:
1. Higher- Bishops 2. Lower- Parish PriestsOwned 10% of the land
 paid no taxes
 role of the “free gift”?
 land revenue+tithe=INCOME
 10% tax on income for each church member= TITHE

Front 3

Who composed the 3rd estate?

Back 3

 97% of the population
 Third Estate was composed of 3 groups:
 Artisans
 Bourgeoisie
 Peasants

Front 4

Describe the Bourgeoisie

Back 4

Bourgeoisie
 2.3 Million
 8% of the total population
 composed mostly of:
 doctors, merchants, lawyers
 1789- owned 20% of the land
 What do they want?
 Positions in the church, army and government

Front 5

Describe the peasants

Back 5

 owned 30-40% of the land
 If they owned so much land, why were they still hungry?
 Effect of the 1788-89 harvest?
 Owed HUGE debts=10% of their income for church tithe + feudal dues to nobles and lords + land tax to the king

Front 6

What were the factors that caused the Revolution?

Back 6

The factors that caused the French Revolution was the high cost of bread, unpopular king, national debt, war, high taxes, unfair parliament, abuse of the 3rd estate, special privileges of the 1st and 2nd estate.

Front 7

What were some of the complaints from the Third Estate regarding unequal treatment by the First and Second Estates?

Back 7

The 3rd estate had to pay off a lot of debt. The 1st and 2nd estate always outnumbered them in parliament so they were unable to tax the 1st and 2nd estates. The 1st and 2nd estates also got special privileges which the 3rd estate could not enjoy.

Front 8

Who were the Jacobins? The Girondists? What did each group think should happen with the Revolution?

Back 8

 Jacobins wanted to get rid of their enemies in France
 Caused the reign of terror in France
 Girondists were the radicals of the legislative revolution but conservatives of the radical revolution. They thought to end the violence of the terror and thus were executed by Robespierre.

Front 9

What were the attitudes of other European kings toward the French Revolution? Why?

Back 9

The other European Kings were against the French Revolution because it promoted a constitutional monarchy where the crown would lose power. And it also set an example to revolutionaries throughout Europe. They were afraid they tto would lose their power like Louis XVI

Front 10

Louis XIV

Back 10

of Louis XVI who built the palace at Versailles and left additional debt through war.

Front 11

Louis XVI

Back 11

weak king of france at the age of 15. Cannot resolve the French problems. At the establishment of the National Convention France becomes a constitutional Monarchy and he becomes a prisoner. When trying to escape to Austria he is brought back, charged of treason and sentenced to death on September 21 1792. And France is declared a Republic

Front 12

Louis XVIII

Back 12

was the last Louis and the younger brother of Louis XVI .He ruled from 1814-1824 except for the 100 days in 1815 when Napoleon took office.

Front 13

Marie Antoinette

Back 13

Wife of Louis XVI. Was an Archduchess of Austria who was married off to show peace between France and Austria. She was given the title “Madame Deficit” because she spent a lot of the French treasury on personal expenses. She was executed under the charge of treason on 16 October 1793.

Front 14

Versailles

Back 14

the palace at Versailles where the peasant women went when they had no bread. They attacked the palace and escorted the king and queen as prisoners to Paris. Louis the XIV had made the palace as a sign of his absolute power. It took about 6% of Frances wealth to run the place. It was a symbol of the power and majesty of France as well as the financial irresponsibility of the nobility

Front 15

Estates General

Back 15

The 3 estates that represented French parliament and government

1. Summoned by Louis in summer, 1788 (first time since 1614)
2. The three estates elected delegates
3. Areas of disagreement
a. Should the estates vote by estate or by individual?
b. Third Estate agreed the Estate delegates should sit together and vote as individuals
c. Also insisted the Third Estate have as many delegates as the First and Second Estates combined

Front 16

National Assembly

Back 16

June 17, 1789: the delegates of the Third Estate declared themselves to be the National Assembly
June 20, 1789: the Oath of the Tennis Court

Front 17

What did the National Assembly do when it came into power?

Back 17

. Abolition of special privileges
a. “Declaration of the Rights of Man”
1. “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”
b. State Controlled Church
1. end of tithes
2. confiscation of Church lands
1. sold to support the poor and the clergy
3. Civil Constitution of the Clergy each parish elects their own priest
 Constitution of 1791
 kept the monarchy, but limited the powers of the king
 all French men get equal treatment under the law
 really? Tax requirements kept 30% from voting
 Administrative/Judicial Reforms
 included changes in: jury selection and judge selection
 Aid for privately owned businesses

Front 18

Tithe

Back 18

10% of income and land has to go to church

Front 19

Royalists

Back 19

people who wanted to restore the French monarchy

Front 20

“Grievances of the Third Estate”

Back 20

a list of problems the 3rd estate had with the French method. And the reforms they suggested in order to create more equality.

Front 21

“Declaration of the Rights of Man”

Back 21

The Declaration opens by affirming to "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all men, and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed.

Front 22

“October Days”

Back 22

o Economic problems
o Parisian women were angry about the price of bread
 March on Versailles
 Demand change
o Louis XVI gave in
o
Brought on by economic crisis
o Parisian women marched to Versailles (October 5) and demanded to be heard
o The National Guard led Louis back to Paris

Front 23

sans-culottes

Back 23

The sans-culottes were for the most part members of the poorer classes, or leaders of the populace, but during the Reign of Terror, public functionaries and persons of good education styled themselves citoyens sans-culottes.Their support came from domestic crises, such as shortages of bread and political injustices.During the Reign of Terror, they provided important support for Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety;

Front 24

Bastille

Back 24

The Bastille was a fortress-prison in Paris, known best known today because of the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, which along with the Tennis Court Oath is considered the beginning of the French Revolution
• Ancient fortress
• Governor opened fire on the crowd killing 98
• Crowd takes revenge by decapitating the governor

Front 25

Great Fear

Back 25

o Peasants were afraid of a counterrevolution
 Thought that the army was on their way
 Peasants organized a militia
o “Great Fear”
 Militias carry out attacks
 Burn homes
 Destroy tax records

Front 26

Constitution of 1791

Back 26

 kept the monarchy, but limited the powers of the king
 all French men get equal treatment under the law
• really? Tax requirements kept 30% from voting
•
French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting. The franchise was restricted to “active” citizens who paid a minimal sum in taxes; about two-thirds of adult men had the right to vote for electors and to choose certain local officials directly. The constitution lasted less than a year.

Front 27

Guillotine

Back 27

Designed by Dr Joseph Guillotine, a man described as kindly and who wanted to make execution more humane, the guillotine quickly became a symbol of tyranny during the French Revolution. 40,000 killed

Front 28

Republic of Virtue

Back 28

The "Republic of Virtue" was a period in French history (1793-1794) where Maximilien Robespierre remained in power. During the creation of the Republic of Virtue, Catholic parishes were shut down across France and were replaced with so-called "Temples of Reason," the clergy faced great persecution and Robespierre's regime tried to erase all vestiges of France's Catholic heritage.

Front 29

Robespierre

Back 29

• Jacobin Leader
• “Republic of Virtue”
• July 1793
o creates The Committee of Public Safety
o Goal?
 Get rid of “enemies” of the republic
o Result?
 The Reign of Terror
a. Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794)
i. Trained as a lawyer
ii. Became president of the National Convention
iii. Member of the CPS
iv. Enlarged the Terror

Front 30

Danton

Back 30

i. Popular political leader
ii. Member of the CPS
iii. Wearied of the Terror
iv. Sent to the guillotine (April 1794)

Front 31

Marat

Back 31

Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793)
i. Edited The Friend of the People
ii. Killed by Charlotte Corday,

Front 32

Committee of Public Safety (CPS)

Back 32

The Committee of Public Safety (French: Comité de salut public), created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured July 1793, formed the de facto executive government of France during the Reign of Terror (1793-4), a stage of the French Revolution. Under war conditions and with national survival seemingly at stake, the Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre, centralized denunciations, trials, and executions under the supervision of this committee of first nine and later twelve members. The committee was responsible for thousands of executions, with many high-profile executions at theguillotine, in what was known as the "Reign of Terror." Frenchmen were executed under the pretext of being a supporter of monarchy or opposing the Revolution. The Committee ceased meeting in 1795.

Front 33

The Reign of Terror

Back 33

Victims of the Terror
o Danton
o Marie Antoinette
o 40,000 others
 85% were either peasants, lower, or middle class
End of the Terror?
o July 28, 1794
 Robespierre is executed

• The Committee faced opposition from the left and right
• The threat of peasant counterrevolutionaries
• From September 1783 to July 1794 as many as twenty-five to thirty thousand executed
• Five hundred thousand detained between March 1793 and August 1794

Front 34

Philosophes

Back 34

- They strongly endorsed progress and tolerance, and distrusted organized religion (most were deists) and feudal institutions.They faded away after the French Revolution reached a violent stage in 1793.

Front 35

Directory

Back 35

1. Five men chosen by the legislative body
2. Could not stabilize the government
3. Faced discontent on the radical left and conservative right