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91 Cards in this Set
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a worker still learning the trade (7 years); distinct from factory workers in that their technical skills were difficult to learn, were usually educated, and were acquired in guilds
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artisan
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one who has fully served an apprenticeship in a trade or craft and is a qualified worker in another’s employ; could travel around
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journeyman
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applied to guild to be approved and regulated quality with others working under him
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master
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group of workers such as printers, weavers, carpenters, blacksmiths, and masons which regulated the industry, held meetings, required application, and was a means of controlling the industry economically
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guild
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humanist who wrote the “Book of the Courtier” and attended courts of the king, giving him more power in society
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Castiglione
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humanist work written by Castiglione which detailed the life of the courtier and extolled the ideals of the “Renaissance Man,” or one who had to be good at everything including language, the arts, music, and athletics
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Book of the Courtier
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humanist author of “The Treasury of the City of Ladies” during the Renaissance who challenged the misogyny of the medieval era
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Christine de Pisan
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work written by Christine de Pisan in which good wives and mothers were said to be educated in humanism, and that they should be educated to enhance their husband’s influence and draw on past women
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Treasury of the City of Ladies
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zealously Catholic Spanish king and queen who were married in 1469 and were routed in religious justification and the Inquisition (Muslims and Jews); broke the power of the aristocrats, brought the Spanish churches into alliance with the state and, in 1492, drove the Muslims from Grenada, the Muslims’ last territory
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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a five-hundred year struggle, ending in 1492 with the Muslims being driven from Granada, to drive out the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula
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Reconquest
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the church courts with clergy in order to deal with the heretics; occurred in Spain involving Muslims and Jews and, in the 1540’s, expanded its activities during the Counter-Reformation and sentenced unrepentant Protestant heretics to death or imprisonment
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Inquisition
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king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor from 1516 who became the most powerful ruler in Europe and made the Hapsburg’s very wealthy and powerful through his overseeing of colonial rewards; however, because of the vastness of his inherited kingdom (including Spain, Netherlands, Austria, Sardinia, Sicily, etc.), he lost power; result of intermarriage between Hapsburgs and daughter of Isabella/Ferdinand
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Charles V
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an attack launched by Philip II in 1588 to invade England which ended up being disastrous and bringing Spain into a long period of decline after the treasury was spent dry and the entire fleet was destroyed from both weather and pirates
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Spanish Armada
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the Protestant minority in France which grew in strength in the middle to late 1500’s, but was persecuted viciously under the rule of Richelieu from 1624-1642; Edict of Nantes in 1598 allowed them a degree of religious freedom, but were never really welcomed
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Huguenots
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decree in France in 1598 which allowed Protestants a degree of freedom, but was never really welcomed
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Edict of Nantes
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aggressive man under Louis XIII who loved power and was very ambitious; raison d’etat (reason of the state); adopted centralizing policies, including putting France under one church; strengthened bureaucracy and people controlling information; took power away from nobles with intendants
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Cardinal Richelieu
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pies for the king who were sent into the country to ensure that lords were sending taxes, raising soldiers, and not starting conspiracies
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intendants
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a series of street riots from 1648-1653 started by nobles in a reaction to Cardinal Mazarin’s policies under Louis XIV that for a period of time cost the government control over Paris; centered in Paris and supported by the great aristocracy, the courts, and the city’s poorest classes, threatened to develop into a full-scale uprising if not for its divided leadership
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Fronde
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the “Sun King” of France who was known for his extravagance, as well as his desire to control the nobles; revoked Edict of Nantes because believed in one king, one faith, one law; built the palace of Versailles; reigned for over 60 years with many wars and every policy being overlooked by him
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Louis XIV
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king of England who started the Stuart dynasty and came in after being the king of Scotland, creating unpopularity; considered Papist and believed that he ruled by the right of God, disregarding Parliament; married to Elizabeth who spent much of the treasury
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James I
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plan in 1605 during James I’s reign to blow up Parliament with the king inside which was led by Guy Fawkes
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Gunpowder Plot
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king of England during the Stuart dynasty who had trouble keeping out of war (with Spain, e.g.); he always needed money, therefore always needed Parliament, and was forced to sign the Petition of Right which said he could not levy taxes without Parliament; caused hostility by ignoring this and eventually called the Long Parliament after the Scottish rebellion, causing the English Civil War; was eventually captured and beheaded for committing treason
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Charles I
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called from 1640-1660 under Charles I, a meeting in response to Scottish rebellion which created stipulations and had the king sign documents, strengthened Parliament’s power over taxation, and resulted in the English Civil War because they knew that Charles would not follow the agreements
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Long Parliament
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named used by Parliamentarians for supporters of king during Civil War; typically Catholics and high nobility with close bloodlines
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Cavaliers
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supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War who were typically Puritan, lower nobility, or those with titles or urban merchants who didn’t want to pay taxes
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Roundheads
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Puritan leader of the New Model Army during the English Civil War who brought defeat to King Charles I, his aristocratic followers, and the Anglican church’s hierarchy; was appointed “Lord Protector” as executive after the war and ruled in between kings for 11 years
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Oliver Cromwell
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army led by Cromwell which defeated the king and the Anglican church’s hierarchy; financed Parliament’s rich supporters and was a dominant force for the Puritans because of new techniques and innovations
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New Model Army
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meeting in which most of Parliament was locked out in order to vote to kill King Charles I for high treason after the English Civil War
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the "Rump" Parliament
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decree sometime after the English Civil War which said that when he died, power would pass to the son (hereditary monarch); restored the Stuart Monarchy when Charles II became king
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Instrument of Government
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parish English clergyman who was insane and declared that James the Duke of York (Charles II’s son) was in a conspiracy with the Queen (his mother) to kill his father (the king), saying that the reasoning was to turn England to Catholicism; Parliament believed him, issuing Bill of Exclusion
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Titus Oates
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an attempt of Parliament to not let James rules, thereby instigating his father (king at the time Charles II) to disband Parliament and not call them into session again
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Bill of Exclusion
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king of England who was the last Catholic king who abdicated during the Glorious Revolution because his throne would go to son who was born late; overthrown by William and Mary (who were Protestant); passed Declaration of Indulgence which allowed Catholics to worship freely
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James II
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when Parliament, William, and Mary overthrew James II, mostly nonviolently, and established a constitutional monarchy; William and Mary reaffirmed that they couldn’t pass taxes without Parliament
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Glorious Revolution
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German preacher who sold indulgences in Wittenberg and prompted Martin Luther to nail the 95 Theses
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Tetzel
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pope who sold indulgences and spent the money on things like buildings and parties, prompting Martin Luther to write his 95 Theses against the selling of indulgences
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Pope Leo X
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figure living during the Reformation who also had a large following and met with Luther to keep the movement unified; because he believed that the Eucharist was purely symbolic, could not agree with Luther and created a split
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Ulrich Zwingli
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French reformer who believed in predestination and added to Protestant theology, believing that he could create a perfect theocracy on earth; led a very strict lifestyle based in Geneva
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John Calvin
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belief that certain people are chosen to go to heaven while others are chosen to go to hell at birth; takes away choice and free will; believe that life reflects the fact that you are elected or saved
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predestination
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reaty between Charles V of Spain and the Lutherans which determined that each territorial prince in the Holy Roman Empire should determine the religion of his subjects; blocked German unity and decreased the power of the Holy Roman Emperor
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Peace of Augsburg
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Spanish explorer who landed on the Mexican coast in 1519 and defeated the Aztecs in a two-year campaign, conquering Mexico for the Spanish crown
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Hernan Cortez
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Spanish explorers and conquerors who came to the Americas and served as Catholic missionaries
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conquistadores
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Enlightenment scientist who came up with the three laws and the universal law of gravitation; scientific revolution
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Newton
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scientist who came up with the scientific method and how people know what they know; approached the world empirically through induction (use own perspectives/reasons to test someone’s theory)
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Bacon
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nlightenment figure who used reason and logic (I think, therefore I am); doubted own existence and used discovery on method; math and that we can think is all we know
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Descartes
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mathematician who came up with Pascal’s triangle but was also very religion; encouraged the “leap of faith” of Christians if science conflicts with faith/scripture
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Pascal
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French, some Italian, philosophers that met at gentlemen’s clubs and used science and philosophical thought; thought that society could improve, reform for sake of human liberty
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philosophes
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belief of philosophes that God created the world and let it go; dominant theology of philosophes and Enlightenment thinkers
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deism
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the “Sun King” of France who was known for his extravagance, as well as his desire to control the nobles; revoked Edict of Nantes because believed in one king, one faith, one law; built the palace of Versailles; reigned for over 60 years with many wars and every policy being overlooked by him
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Louis XIV
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French versus Great Britain all over the world; almost all European powers involved (Britain & Prussia v. France & Austria); huge victory for Britain which gained land everywhere; cost French lots of money and it needed to start borrowing from everywhere
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Seven Years War
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treaty that ended the 7 years war and began Great Britain’s status as a world power; France forced to cede land, while Spain ceded Florida to Britain
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Peace of Paris
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pre-revolutionary French system which included the Great Chain of Being, feudalism, nobility, clergy, etc; divided into three estates; represented social division and social privilege based on birth
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Ancien Regime
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French queen of Austrian birth who was married to Louis XVI and was a symbol of what French hated; was a big spender and was guillotined as a result of the French Revolution
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Marie Antoinette
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king of France during the French Revolution who was a chaste family man and married to Marie Antoinette; authority was embodied by intendants; restored old parlements; had a different kind of power than Louis XIV, as subjects could not be controlled but had to be persuaded; was eventually guillotined as a result of the French revolution
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Louis XVI
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regional legislative bodies in France that appealed to king; didn’t get along great with the king; were abolished but then restored by Louis XVI
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parlement
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direct land tax on French peasants to relieve debt because clergy and nobles didn’t want to pay taxes
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taille
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Swiss banker hired to get France out of debt who was not very effective; played with numbers and made budget public
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Jacques Necker
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economists who believed French value was in land; believed in laissez-faire economics
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physiocrats
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financier hired after Necker who suggested a progressive tax but was fired because nobles and clergy did not want to pay; also encouraged internal trade to increase huge deficit
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Calonne
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group called by Louis XVI at the suggestion of Calonne, made up of clergy and nobles who were called to vote on tax reform but shot down
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Assembly of Notables
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author of “What is the Third Estate?”; mover of declaration of National Assembly in 1789 who proposed that the third estate begin proceedings by itself when an agreement could not be reached
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Seiyes
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celebrated pamphlet by Seiyes which argued against privileges and encouraged people to finally give meaning to the third estate during the controversy of its role in the Estates-General
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"What is the Third Estate?"
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body formed when the third estate split off from the Estates-General; took the Tennis Court Oath (vow to meet as body until have written constitution); adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, as well as taking away certain privileges of the nobility and other reforms
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National Assembly
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legislature from 1791-1792 which was split between constitutional monarchy and eradicating the king (Jacobins); met after the Flight to Varennes
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Legislative Assembly
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state prison that was stormed and leveled by the people in the name of liberty on July 14, 1789; was a symbol of royal power and never rebuilt
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Bastille
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peasant upheavals in the summer of 1789 in which peasants burned manor houses and destroyed the registers on which their obligations to the lords were inscribed in fear of an aristocratic plot against them
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Great Fear
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new currency during the French Revolution which was thought to redeem debt but was overused, causing inflation
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assignants
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enacted in July 1790 when the National Assembly started to take control of the church; provided for lay election of priests and bishops, nationalization of ecclesiastical boundaries, and a purely honorific role for the pope; was not completely accepted by the clergy
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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night during which Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee the city of Paris after he left behind a letter denouncing much of the work of the Revolution; the fugitives were caught in Varennes and brought back to Paris in disgrace; Louis became enemy of constitutional government
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Flight to Varennes
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pact in which the emperor and the king of Prussia were induced by Louis XVI’s two emigre brothers, Artois and Provence, to threaten military intervention
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Declaration of Pillnitz
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the battle hymn of a war against tyranny launched in 1792 and sung by French patriots in moments of public jubilation
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the Marseilles
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constitutional monarchy; abolished nobility as legal order; XVI could temporarily veto; unicameral legislature
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Con. of 1791
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ideological and inspired by the Declaration of Rights; popular sovereignty
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Con. of 1793
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launched Napoleon and created the Directory of 5 (new executive branch); 2 house leg-Council of Elders and Council of 500
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Con. of 1795
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southern region of France in which a counterrevolution took place from 1793-1796; led by the clergy to restore the king to power; upset by Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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Vendee
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mechanical decapitating contraption used to kill people during the Great Terror, particularly those of royal and aristocratic blood
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guillotine
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Army between Ancien Regime and Napoleon (1792-1804) which told peasants to contribute to it; created to oversee France
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Revolutionary Armies
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first total war declared by the Committee of Public Safety; an attempt to mobilize the entire nation in August 1793 which helped to man and equip armies of unprecedented size
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Levee en Masse
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a number of deputies dispatched to disturbed provinces who were invested with the full powers of the Convention who decided to ‘dechristianize’ their districts
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Representatives on Mission
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leader of the French Revolution during the reign of terror who believed in the Republic of Virtue and pursued his ideal society with religious zeal; led when the Jacobin leadership executed those they considered enemies of the republic; convinced that he knew the right way and that the new society he envisaged would benefit all humanity; was eventually guillotined as a result of his opponents in the Convention
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Robespierre
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Robespierre’s society in which there would be no kings or nobles, men would be free, equal, and educated, and reason would be glorified and superstition ridiculed; there would be no extremes of wealth or poverty; people’s natural goodness would prevail over vice and greed; and laws would preserve, not violate, inalienable rights
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Republic of Virtue
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the new calendar of the revolution; the Thermidoreans were the leaders of the Revolution during its moderate state, made up mostly of property-owning bourgeois, who led from 1794-1795; reaction was a counterrevolution
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Thermidore
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constantly rotating five-man executive created by the Convention of 1795;election results were annulled in 1797 and soon faded away, making way for Napoleon to take over
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The Directory
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leader who seized control of the French government in November 1799, pushing the Revolution into another stage; was given command of the French army in 1796 and eventually crowned himself “Emperor of the French”; succeeded in giving France a strong central government and administrative uniformity, as well as passing the Napoleonic Code; sought to control Europe but eventually his ambition led to his demise and he was eventually captured by his enemies and banished to the South Atlantic Island of Saint Helena, where he spent the last six years of his life
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Napoleon
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Napoleon’s plan to bar all countries under France’s control from buying British goods; punished European lands that were dependent on British imports
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Continental System
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an agreement that Napoleon made with the pope that recognized Catholicism as the religion of the great majority of the French, rather than as the official state religion as the pope desired; made Napoleon’s regime acceptable to Catholics and to owners of former church lands
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Concordat of 1801
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unified code of laws which incorporated many principles of the Revolution: equality before the law, the right to choose one’s profession, religious freedom, protection of property rights, the abolition of serfdom, and the secular character of the state; also denied equal treatment to workers in their dealings with employers, to women in their relations with their husbands, and to children in their relations with their fathers; restoration of slavery in the French colonies
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Napoleonic Code
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defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815
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Duke of Wellington
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battle in 1815 which Napoleon lost, causing him to lose power; lost to British and Prussians and was exiled permanently to St. Helena
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Waterloo
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meeting which created peace in Europe, restored the borders of 1792, restored France’s monarch with Louis XVII, created a series of “bugger states” to protect from future French aggression (Sardinia and Belgium), and created the Quadruple Alliance
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Congress of Vienna
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Metternich;s idea that everything was a mess because one power got too big for their britches; shouldn’t punish France, but should restore balance, leading to the Quadruple Alliance
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Balance of Power
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new alliance created out of powers allied against France (England, Russia, Prussia, Austria) which agreed to meet from time to time and suppress any outbreak of revolution anywhere in the world
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Quadruple Alliance
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