Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
338 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Present tense of -er verbs
|
trover: to find
je trouve tu trouve tu trouves il (m), elle (f) trouves on trouve nous trouvons vous trouvez ils (m), elles, (f) trouvent |
|
When the precede verbs, le, la, les are ______ not ______.
|
pronouns; articles
|
|
Du is the contraction of ___ + ___.
Des is the contraction of ____ + ____. |
de; le
de; les |
|
dans
|
in, into
|
|
sur
|
on
|
|
par
|
by, through
|
|
parmi
|
among
|
|
entre
|
between
|
|
pendant
|
during, for
|
|
avec
|
with
|
|
Conjugation of etre, present tense
|
je suis
tu es il est elle est on est nous sommes vous etes ils sont elles sont ce sont |
|
c'est
|
it is, she is, he is
|
|
etre en train de
|
to be in the process of
|
|
etre au courant de
|
to be aware of
|
|
etre d'accord avec
|
to be in aggreement with
|
|
conjugation of avoir, present tense
|
j'ai
tu as il a nous avons vous avez ils ont |
|
il y a
|
there is
|
|
avoir faim
|
to be hungry
|
|
avoir soif
|
to be thirsty
|
|
avoir chaud
|
to be warm
|
|
avoir froid
|
to be cold
|
|
avoir sommeil
|
to be sleepy
|
|
avoir peur de
|
to be afraid of
|
|
avoir besoin de
|
to be in need of
|
|
avoir raison
|
to be right
|
|
avoir tort
|
to be wrong
|
|
ne...pas
|
not
|
|
tant
|
so many, so much
|
|
assez de clarte
vs. une idee assez claire |
enough clarity
vs. a quite clear idea |
|
moins de theories
vs. moins d'eau vs. une etude moins theorique |
fewer theories
vs. less water vs. a less theoretical idea |
|
beaucoup d'astronomes
vs. beaucoup d'energie vs. un livre beaucoup trop difficile |
many astronomers
vs. much energy vs. much too difficult a book |
|
bien des hommes intelligents
vs. un homme bien intelligent |
many intelligent men
vs. a very intelligent man |
|
plusieurs
|
several
|
|
quelques
|
some (a few)
|
|
la plupart du temps
vs. la plupart des hommes |
most of the time
vs. most of the men, most men |
|
un peu (de)
|
a little
|
|
peu de
|
little or few
|
|
when peu is used alone before an adjective, the adjective is translated as...
|
its opposite
|
|
du, de la, de l', des, in addition to "of the" or "from the", means
|
some, any, (or simply the plural)
|
|
my (m, f)
|
mon, ma
|
|
your (m, f)
|
ton, ta
tes (pl) |
|
his, her, its
|
son, sa
tes (pl) |
|
our (m, f)
|
notre, notre
nos (pl) |
|
your (m, f)
|
votre, votre
vos (pl) |
|
their (m, f)
|
leur, leur
leurs (pl) |
|
Before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel or an h, we use son or sa? mon or ma? etc?
|
Use the masculine form (mon, son, etc.)
|
|
Nouns ending in -s, -x, or -z have what form for the plural?
|
Same as singular
|
|
Nouns ending in -au or -al have what as their plural?
Also the masculine adjective plural. |
end in -aux.
|
|
Conjugation of -ir verbs, present tense
|
finir
je finis tu finis il finit nous finissons vous finissez ils finissent |
|
conjugation of -re verbs, present tense
|
permettre
je permets tu permets il permet nous permettons vous permettez ils permettent |
|
-ir verbs like partir, conjugate in the present tense
|
partir
je pars tu pars il part nous partons vous partez ils partent |
|
past participle of -er verbs
|
-e
like donne (given) |
|
past participle of -ir verbs
|
-i
like fini (finished) |
|
past participles of -re verbs
|
-u
like descendu (descended) |
|
past participle of etre
|
ete
|
|
past participle of avoir
|
eu
|
|
past participle of decouvrir
|
decouvert
|
|
past participle of connaitre
|
connu
|
|
past participle of produire
|
produit
|
|
past participle of ecrire
|
ecrit
|
|
How do you form the Past Indefinite Tense for avoir verbs
|
combination of avoir or etre with the past participle
ex: nous avons agi, we have acted |
|
Past indefinite tense indicates:
|
1. Action at past moment neither specified or implied
2. Action which took place at a specified or implied moment |
|
Make a past participle into a feminine singular adjective
use donne |
donnee
|
|
Make a past participle into a feminine plural adjective
use donne |
donees
|
|
Make a past participle into a masculine plural adjective
use donne |
donnes
|
|
List of etre verbs
|
arriver
partir aller venir entrer sortir monter descendre tomber mourir rester retourner naitre |
|
When verbs are conjugated with etre, what happens to past participle
|
gender and number of participle changes to agree with subject
|
|
When are apparaitre and disparaitre (appear and disappear) conjugated with avoir vs. etre
|
avoir: state
etre: action |
|
conjugation of pouvoir, present tense and past participle
|
je peux (puis)
tu peux il peut nous pouvons vous pouvez ils peuvent pu |
|
conjugation of vouloir, present tense and past participle
|
je veux
tu veux il veut nous voulons vous voulez ils veulent voulu |
|
que
|
direct object in relative clause
or "that" in 'indirect speech' |
|
past participles in relative clauses agree in gender and number with
|
preceding direct object
|
|
qui
|
subject of relative clause
|
|
faire conjugated in the present tense and past participle
|
je fais
tu fais il fait nous faisons vous faites ils font fait |
|
faire attention a
|
to pay attention to
|
|
faire de son mieux
|
to do one's best
|
|
faire son possible
|
to do one's best
|
|
faire peur a
|
to frighten
|
|
faire plaisir a
|
to please
|
|
0
|
zero
|
|
1
|
un, une
|
|
2
|
deux
|
|
3
|
trois
|
|
4
|
quatre
|
|
5
|
cinq
|
|
6
|
six
|
|
7
|
sept
|
|
8
|
huit
|
|
9
|
neuf
|
|
10
|
dix
|
|
11
|
onze
|
|
12
|
douze
|
|
13
|
treize
|
|
14
|
quatorze
|
|
15
|
quinze
|
|
16
|
seize
|
|
17
|
dix-sept
|
|
18
|
dix-huit
|
|
19
|
dix-neuf
|
|
20
|
vingt
|
|
21
|
vingt et un
|
|
23
|
vingt-trois
|
|
30
|
trente
|
|
31
|
trente et un
|
|
34
|
trente-quatre
|
|
40
|
quarante
|
|
41
|
quarante et un
|
|
47
|
quarante-sept
|
|
50
|
cinquante
|
|
51
|
cinquante et un
|
|
52
|
cinquante-deux
|
|
60
|
soixante
|
|
61
|
soixante et un
|
|
70
|
soixante-dix
|
|
71
|
soixante et onze
|
|
75
|
soixante-quinze
|
|
77
|
soixante-dix-sept
|
|
80
|
quatre-vingts
|
|
81
|
quatre-vingts-un
|
|
88
|
quatre-vingt-huit
|
|
90
|
quatre-vingt-dix
|
|
91
|
quatre-vingt-onze
|
|
99
|
quatre-vingt-dix-neuf
|
|
100
|
cent
|
|
101
|
cent un
|
|
200
|
deux cents
|
|
316
|
trois cent seize
|
|
500
|
cinq cents
|
|
580
|
cinq cent quatre-vingts
|
|
1000
|
mille
|
|
1.001
|
mille un
|
|
3.000
|
trois mille
|
|
100.000
|
cent mille
|
|
1st
|
premier, premiere
|
|
2nd
|
deuxieme
second, seconde |
|
3rd
|
troisieme
|
|
4th
|
quatrieme
|
|
5th
|
cinquieme
|
|
6th
|
sixieme
|
|
7th
|
septieme
|
|
8th
|
huitieme
|
|
9th
|
neuvieme
|
|
10th
|
dixieme
|
|
11th
|
onzieme
|
|
16
|
seizieme
|
|
17th
|
dix-septieme
|
|
20th
|
vingtieme
|
|
21st
|
vingt et unieme
|
|
34th
|
trente-quatrieme
|
|
100th
|
centieme
|
|
ce, cette, cet (m sing), ces
|
this, that or these, those
|
|
what do you add to nouns with ce etc. to intensify
|
-ci, -la
|
|
What word refers to things previously mentioned (give m, f, sing, pl)
|
celui (m)
celle (f) ceux (m, pl) celles (f, pl) |
|
aussi...que
|
as...as
|
|
plus...que
|
more (-re)...than
|
|
(le, la, les) plus
|
the most (-est)
|
|
celui-ci
|
the latter
|
|
celui-la
|
the former
|
|
present passive is formed how?
|
with etre + past participle for avoir verbs
|
|
past passive is formed how?
|
with avoir + ete + past participle
|
|
savoir, conjugated in the present, and its past participle
|
je sais
tu sais il sait nous savons vous savez ils savent su |
|
uses of meme
|
before noun: the same
after a noun: (particularizes) 'the very solution' Elsewhere: even |
|
reflexive verbs us etre or avoir in the past indefinite?
|
etre
|
|
devant
|
before, in front of
|
|
derriere
|
behind, in back of
|
|
en arriere de
|
behind, backward
|
|
a droite de
|
to the right of
|
|
a gauche de
|
to the left of
|
|
au milieu de
|
in the middle of
|
|
au-dessus de
|
above
|
|
au-dessous de
|
beneath
|
|
en face de
|
opposite, facing
|
|
a cote de
|
beside
|
|
au fond de
|
at the bottom of
|
|
au bout de
|
at the end of
|
|
present conjugation of venir
|
je viens
tu viens il vient nous venons vous venez ils viennent venu |
|
words conjugated like venir
|
contenir
obtenir retenir tenir convenir prevenir revenir parvenir devenir provenir |
|
ne...guere
|
hardly, scarcely
|
|
ne...jamais
|
never
|
|
ne...point
|
not at all
|
|
ne...plus
|
no more, no longer
|
|
ne...rien
|
nothing
|
|
ne...personne
|
nobody, no one
|
|
ne...aucun (m), aucune (f)
|
no, not any
|
|
ne...nul, nulle (f)
|
no, not any
|
|
ne...ni...ni
|
neither...nor...nor
|
|
Words where second element of negation are often missing?
|
pouvoir, savoir, cesser (to cease), oser (to dare)
|
|
ne...que
|
only
|
|
ne faire que + infinitive
|
nothing else to do but...
|
|
ne...plus que
|
no longer
|
|
ne...jamais que
|
never (anything, anybody) except
|
|
ne...rien que
|
nothing but, nothing except
|
|
ne...guere que
|
scarcely (anything, anybody) except
|
|
suivre conjugated in the present tense + past participle and present
|
je suis
tu suis il suit nous suivons vous suivez ils suivent suivi suivant |
|
tout + le
|
all
|
|
tout + noun
|
any (each)
|
|
tout as an adverb
|
completely, very, quite
|
|
Past definite tense (passe simple) for -er verbs
|
je trouvai
tu trouvas il trouva nous trouvames vous trouvates ils trouverent |
|
Past definite tense (passe simple) for -ir verbs
|
je finis
tu finis il finit nous finimes vous finites ils finirent |
|
Past definite tense (passe simple) for -re verbs
|
je vendis
tu vendis il vendit nous vendimes vous vendites ils vendirent |
|
Past definite tense (passe simple) for -ure verbs
|
je conclus
tu conclus il conclut nous conclumes vous conclutes ils conclurent |
|
present conjugation of -oir verbs
|
je recois
tu recois il recoit nous recevons vous recevez ils recoivent |
|
past definite conjugation of -oir verbs
|
je recus
tu recus il recut nous recumes vous recutes ils recurent |
|
past definite conjugation of pouvoir, savoir, connaitre, courir, croire, conclure
|
je connus
il courut ils crurent elle conclut je pus vous sutes |
|
past definite of -enir verbs
|
venir
je vins tu vins il vint nous vinmes vous vintes ils vinrent |
|
past definite of etre
|
je fus
tu fus il fut nous fumes vous futes ils furent |
|
past definite of avoir
|
j'eus
tu eus il eut nous eumes vous eutes ils eurent |
|
past definite of faire
|
je fis
tu fis il fit nous fimes vous fites ils firent |
|
how do you form the present participle
|
add -ant to stem of verb
|
|
what is the stem of the verb
|
nous form in present tense
|
|
stem of avoir
|
ay-
|
|
stem of etre
|
et-
|
|
stem of savoir
|
sach-
|
|
tout + en + present participl
|
while, or although--emphasizes contrast
|
|
voir, present conjugation+ past participle
|
je vois
tu vois il voit nous voyons vous voyez ils voient vu |
|
voir, past definite tense
|
je vis
tu vis il vit nous vimes vous vites ils virent |
|
Imperfect tense is formed
|
stem +
ais ais ait ions iez ient |
|
past perfect tense is formed
|
with imperfect of avoir or etre + past participle
|
|
past anterior tense is formed
|
with the past definite of avoir or etre + past participle
|
|
past anterior usually appears
|
as a literary form after aussitot que (as soon as) des que (as soon as) and quand (when)
|
|
pour can mean
|
in order to
|
|
afin de can mean
|
in order to
|
|
The present subjunctive is formed (except etre and avoir)
|
with stem +
e es e ions iez ent |
|
present subjunctive of avoir
|
j'aie
tu aies il ait nous ayons vous ayez ils aient |
|
present subjunctive of etre
|
je sois
tu sois il soit nous soyons vous soyez ils soient |
|
impersonal expressions in the il est ____ que + subjunctive
|
temps
rare possible juste impossible faux essentiel bon heureux convenable |
|
Il convient que
|
it is proper (takes subjunctive)
|
|
il faut que
|
it is necessary (takes subjunctive)
|
|
il importe que
|
it is imporant (takes subjunctive)
|
|
il semble que
|
it seems (takes subjunctive)
|
|
il se peut que
|
it is possible (takes subjunctive)
|
|
il est dommage que
|
it is a shame (take subjunctive)
|
|
il vaut mieux que
|
it is better (takes subjunctive)
|
|
quoique
|
Although + subj
|
|
pour que
|
IN order that + subjunctive
|
|
en attendant que
|
Until + subjunctive
|
|
sans que
|
unless, without that +subj
|
|
au cas que
|
in case that +subj
|
|
de sorte que
|
so that, in such a way that + subjunctive
|
|
nonobstant que
|
in spite of the fact that + subj
|
|
pourvu que
|
provided that + subj
|
|
suppose que
|
supposing that + subj
|
|
apres que
|
after +indic
|
|
parce que
|
because + indic
|
|
pendant que
|
while + indic
|
|
tandis que
|
while, whereas + indic
|
|
puisque
|
since, because + indic
|
|
ainsi que
|
just as, in the same way + indic
|
|
pleonastic ne is often found
|
1. in clause following a comparison
2. with verbs of doubt used negatively or interogatively 3. in connection with a moins que (unless) or avant que (before) or de crainte que (for fear that) (all take subj) |
|
stem of pouvoir
|
puiss-
|
|
stem of faire
|
fass-
|
|
Stem of aller in non vous, nous
|
aill-
|
|
stem of venir in non vous, nous
|
vienn-
|
|
mettre, present tense
|
je mets
tu mets il met nous mettons vous mettez ils mettent |
|
imperfect tense of mettre
|
regular--je mettais, etec.
|
|
present participle of mettre
|
regular--mettant
|
|
past participle of mettre
|
mis
|
|
past definite of mettre
|
je mis
tu mis il mit nous mimes vous mites ils mirent |
|
in imperatives tu, it drops-
|
the s after e or a, except before a y or en
|
|
Third person imperatives are formed
|
que + present subjunctive
|
|
imperatives of avoir
|
aie have
ayons let's have aiez have |
|
imperatives of etre
|
sois be
soyons let's be soyez be |
|
imperatives of savoir
|
sache know
sachons let us know sachez know |
|
en as preposition is placed ___
and stands in for |
before verb; expression starting with de
|
|
pronoun y replaces
|
expressions starting with a
|
|
present conjugation of aller
|
je vais
tu vas il va nous allons vous allez ils vont |
|
aller + infinitive
|
expresses future
|
|
dont
|
relative pronoun replacing de
|
|
lequel
|
either signals a question (which, who, whom) or relative
|
|
forms of lequel
|
m sing, m pl, f sing, f pl.
lequel, lesquels, laquelle, lesquelles auquel, auxquels, a laquelle, auxquelles duquel, desquels, de laquelle, desquelles |
|
ce qui
ce que |
ce qui--a subject
ce que--object means--what, that which, which, or the fact that |
|
soit...soit
|
subjunctive form of est--
indicates alternatives "either/or" |
|
venir+de+infinitive
|
"Has just/had just"
|
|
venir+a
|
"happen to" (i.e. if you happen to be in Rome)
|
|
en venir a+inf.
|
"to be reduced to" + gerund
|
|
Questions are often introduced just by
|
inverting the subject and the verb
|
|
Est-ce que...
|
Introduces a question (just like inversion)
|
|
Ou + est ce or inversion
|
Where
|
|
Quand
|
when
|
|
Pourquoi
|
Why
|
|
Comment
|
How
|
|
Combien de + partitive
|
How many
|
|
Qui...?
|
Who
|
|
Que...?
|
What
|
|
Qu'est-ce que c'est?
|
What is it?
|
|
Qu'est-ce que c'est que cela?
|
What is that?
|
|
When a question begins with a question you use ____ for things?
|
quoi
|
|
Quel
|
means what or which,
or can mark an exclamation |
|
Forms of quel
|
m sing, m pl, f sing, f pl
quel, quels, quelle, quelles |
|
A sentence can have inverted word order when
|
1. It is a question
2. begins with aussi, ainsi, peut-etre, or sans doute 3. A clause following an object relative pronoun |
|
Aussi
|
therefore
|
|
ainsi
|
thus
|
|
N'est-ce pas
|
translates as a "tag question" i.e. It was a terrible storm _wasn't it_?
|
|
Future tense
|
add endings:
-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont to the infinitive (with -re verbs the e is dropped) |
|
Conditional
|
stem just like future (infinitive, but -re verbs without final e)
-ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, ient |
|
future stem of avoir
|
aur-
|
|
future stem of etre
|
ser-
|
|
future stem of aller
|
ir-
|
|
future stem of faire
|
fer-
|
|
future stem of pouvoir
|
pourr-
|
|
future stem of vouloir
|
voudr-
|
|
future stem of falloir
|
il faudr-
|
|
future stem of voir
|
verr-
|
|
future stem of recevoir
|
recevr-
|
|
future stem of mourir
|
mourr-
|
|
future stem of savoir
|
saur-
|
|
future stem of tenir
|
tiendr-
|
|
future stem of venir
|
viendr-
|
|
Supposition can be represented with the
|
subjunctive in the main clause
|
|
Conditions will be in both clauses when it means
|
even if (i.e. Quand (bien)... or Il y...
|
|
present forms of devoir
|
je dois
tu dois il doit nous devons vous devez ils doivent |
|
imperfect forms of devoir
|
je devais
tu devais il devait nous devions vous deviez ils devaient |
|
present subjunctive forms of devoir
|
je doive
tu doives il doive nous devions vous deviez ils doivent |
|
past participle of devoir
|
du
|
|
present participle of devoir
|
devant
|
|
future stem of devoir
|
devr-
|
|
past definite forms of devoir
|
je dus
tu dus il dut nous dumes vous dutes ils durent |
|
future perfect and conditional perfect are formed with
|
future or conditional + past participle
|
|
present subjunctive of avoir or etre + past participle are translated like
|
regular past indefinite
|
|
Imperfect of the subjunctive (aimer)
|
j'aimasse
tu aimasses il aimat nous aimassions vous aimassiez ils aimassent |
|
imperfect of the subjunctive (rendre)
|
je rendisse
tu rendisses il rendit nous rendissiez ils rendissent |
|
imperfect of the subjunctive (croire)
|
je crusse
tu crusses il crut nous crussions vous crussiez ils crussent |
|
imperfect of the subjunctive (irregular)
|
think past definite
|
|
imperfect subjunctive is often translated just like the indicative, but it can also have
|
conditional meanings-as in "if only" or "even if" (fut-elle, fut-ce)
|
|
s'en pendre a
|
to find fault with, to blame
|
|
s'y pendre
|
to go about something
|
|
en pendre son parti
|
to resign oneself to
|
|
pendre un parti
|
to come to a decision
|
|
tenir a
|
to desire
|
|
tenir de
|
to take after, resemble
|
|
se tenir debout
|
stand up
|
|
se tenir a
|
to keep at, remain
|
|
tenir pour
|
to be in favor of, to consider as
|
|
s'en tenir a
|
to be satisfied with, to confine oneself to
|
|
Il y a
|
ago+time (Five years ago)
|
|
voila
|
for+time (for three years)
|
|
voici
|
for+time (for three years)
|
|
depuis
|
with quantity of time "for"
without "since" |