French Art History Midterm Vocabulary

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Le Brun

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Louis XIV is named the first director of the Academy in 1686

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Rigaud

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Associated with upper class aristocratic portraiture. Sets the standard for all aristocrat portraiture in the future

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Louis XIV

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(reign 1643-1715) The Sun King (Apollo), Versailles, The Academy, The Salon (exhibition venue) moved the royal court from Paris to Versailles

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Hierarchy of Genres

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when you were admitted to the academy, you were admitted with a title. Representation of humans were at the top of the hierarchy and a painter of things were at the bottom (still life)

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Salon

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Salon was the first public exhibition of art outside of the Church, public space for people to see modern art

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Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture)

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first government sponsored art academy (replaces guild and workshop system) founded in 1648; largest most powerful academy, membership was 2 tiered (admission and reception piece). Women and still life painters were admitted right away

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Largillierre

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Portrait of a Woman is possibly Madame Claude Lambert de Thorigny and an Enslaved Servant

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Regency (Philippe II)

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Period of time between King Louis XIV and King Louis XV. Waiting for King XV to come of age. temporary move back to Paris from Versailles, moves court back to Paris, where aristocrats reclaim the power they had lost when they moved to Versailles

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livret

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exhibition catalog (become essential documents to historian because of their in depth detail)

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Concours of 1727

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Competition of painters. Lemoyne wins the Concour but the pressure gets to him and he stabs himself with a large sword in the middle of the Louvre. He was the first painter to the king

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Prix de Rome

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French scholarship for arts students that allowed them to stay in Rome for three to five years at the expense of the state.

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habit champêtre

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outdoor/country outfit?

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hôtel particulier

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Hotel Lambert (hotel particulier): not a hotel, an aristocratic mansion in the middle of Paris. Now owned by a prince of Qatar. Galerie d'Herculedecorated by Charles Le Brun

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portrait déguisé

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indicating that the person is shown in fancy dress or in disguise

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Allegorical portaiture

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showed their subjects as classical goddesses, muses, or other mythological figures.

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Watteau

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happens during the Regency (between Louis XIV and Louis XV). Didn't call himself Rococo. Trains in Claude Gillot's workshop(theatre painter).History painter. Pilgrimage to Cythera = reception piece

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Pater

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Watteau's only student. unappreciated as an artist during his time. Modernized Watteau's genre of fete galante and blended it with other genres. Women made to accommodate male gaze

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fête galante

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invented by Watteau. rich people flirting outside in pretty landscapes

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commedia dell'arte

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refers to a specific type of theatrical performance that originates from Italy.A comedic, improvisational theatrical form - similar to SNL. dialogue improvisation facilitated sly political commentaries and bawdy humor that would otherwise be censored

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Agreement Piece (morceau de agrément)

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artist is partially admitted to the Academy (agréé) 1st step

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Reception Piece (morceau de réception)

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- artist is fully received to the Academy (reçu) 2nd step

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Crozat, financier

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(banker) who Watteau lived with. Gave him access to old master paintings and drawings. dealer/patron of Watteau. When Crozat dies his works are auctioned off with a catalogue. Watteau paints his estate

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Gersaint, marchand-mercier

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Last of Watteau's dealers/patron. Had an art shop. Watteau died in his arms. Had Watteau's paintings engraved to make movey

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Pierrot

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a sad clown that lusts after the female characters in the commedia del arte

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Mezzetin

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a musician longing after a woman he cant havemostly portrayed as singing in commedia del arte

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trois-crayon drawings

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three color crayon sketches Watteau used to plan out his paintings

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Boucher

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Made etchings of Watteau's work before he was admitted to the academy as a history painter. Won the Prix de Rome. Director of the Gobelins manufactory. First painter to the King and Director of the Academy

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Coypel

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Member of the academy who also painted "The Abduction of Europa" as well as Boucher

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Tessin

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Swedish Ambassador to France. Reportedly bought 2000 drawings fromthe auction of Pierre Crozat’scollection (former patron of Watteau). Heavilyin debt on his return to Sweden, Tessin was obliged to sell part of hiscollection of paintings to King Fredrik I

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Louis XV

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Reign: 1715-1774. Well known for his mistresses Pompadour and Du Barry and the 7 years war. Court returns to Versailles

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Académie de Saint-Luc

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smaller workshop than The Academy. Joined by painters who didn't have access to the Academy

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Goncourt Brothers

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two author brothers who wrote about French art in great detail. Loved Boucher

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Seven Years' War

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France and AustriaVs.Britain and PrussiaEnds with the Treaty of Paris, 1763. Madame Pompadour is blamed for the loss of the war because she was distracting him

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Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour

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Married, meets Louis XV at a masked ball. She becomes his official mistress. After their sexual relationship ends they remain friends

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Château de Bellevue

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Place where Madame Pompadour stayed. had a mansion and bathhouse. Playground for commissioning artworks. Had access to the best of everything to build it, dedicated to hosting people

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Diderot

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Hated Boucher. Many famous and powerful people subscribed to his writing. Critic. Friends with many french philosophers and Catherine the Great

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Encyclopédie

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Diderot edit. Everything we learned about the world so far was made accessible to everyone through this text. Comprised of many writers and subjects

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Correspondance littéraire

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Cultural newsletter that Diderot contributed to where he published essays of art criticism about the salons. Distributed to rich and powerful people. Dissed Boucher

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Fragonard

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Wins Prix de Rome. Attends Academie de France a Rome. Never submits a reception piece. Boucher's apprentice. Last Rococo painter. Never actually attends the Academy

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École royale des élèves protégés

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Fragonard attends Three-year“Honors Program” within the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. Providedspecialist training for winners of the Prixde Rome, toprepare them for the Académie de France à Rome1.206

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Académie de France à Rome

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The Academy of France in Rome. Where Fragonard was trained. Italy has a profound influence on Fragonard

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Jeanne Bécu, comtesse du Barry (1743 –1793)

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Mistress of Louis XV after Pompadour. Commissions Fragonard to paint the Progress of Love series for the Louveciennes but she hates it

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Château de Louveciennes

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madame du barry's pleasure mansion. Where Fragonard paints the Progress of Love

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Maison de plaisance

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Place where madame du barry and Louis XV have their affairs. Place where Progress of Love was briefly installed

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Porte-crayon

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Black chalk, stumped, and heightened with whitechalk on beige paper. What Fragonard drew with

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Libertinage érudit

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Erudite Libertinism. having or showing great knowledge or learning characterized by a disregard of morality, especially in sexual matters.

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Brown wash

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Brown water color. Frequently used by Fragonard

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Gouache

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like water color but more concentrated. Commonly used by Fragonard

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Chardin

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Still life painter that made the genre great. masterpainter at the Académie de Saint-Luc. Didn't have a rigorous process of getting into the Academy. Figurative genre painting

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Vallayer Coster

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female still life painter who was a member of the academy. was more bright and colorful than Chardin

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Nature morte

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An image depicting inanimate objects; a still life

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Accrochage

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hanging of the salon. Chardin was in charge of this in 1761

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Overdoor

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Literally a piece of art that is placed over a door. Chardin painted The Attributes of the Arts and Their Rewards for Catherine the Great for the Russian Academy

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Vigée Le Brun

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Female french artist best known for her relationship with Marie Antoinette, who she consistently painted. Most famous because we have her memoirs

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Louis XVI

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Husband of Marie Antoinette. Last king before the Revolution. Wouldn't have sex with Marie Antoinette

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Marie Antoinette

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Austrian princess. Their marriage was a political strategy. Controversial because she wasn't traditional. Set standards for fashion everywhere. Would go and play pretend in her constructed town

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Académiciennes (feminine, plural)

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female members of the Academy, which they capped off. Vigee Le Brun, Vallayer Coster, Labille Guiard. All admitted at the same time

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Pannier

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part of a skirt that women used to wear

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Vigée Le Brun's Souvenirs

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a book of Vigee's memoirs and stories about her life

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Salon de la Correspondance

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an art museum which was accessible to artists who were not members of the Academy where they could exhibit their works for a small fee. Open to public.

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Exposition de la Jeunesse in the Place Dauphine

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free presentations of paintings in Paris under the Ancien Régime . The painters placed their works at the corner of the Place Dauphine. Open to public

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Galerie des Modes et des Costumes

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a collection of prints and drawings depicting french female dresses. Seen by Labille Guiard in her self portrait

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Rousseau, The Social Contract

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“Let us then admit that force does not createright, and that we are obliged to obey onlylegitimate powers” Fuels the revolutionary movement. political power must be earned and maintained not by means of force but of legitimacy

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Winckelmann, History of Ancient Art

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Father of art history. German. Influenced the rise of Neoclassicism. Wrote a book with all his knowledge in 1764

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French Revolution, 1789

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King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette overthrownby revolutionaries

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Tennis Court Oath

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the members of the French Estates-General for the Third Estate, who had begun to call themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath (French: Serment du Jeu de Paume), vowing "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is complete

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National Assembly - Girondins (Moderates)

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monarchy kind of still in charge. Common people are trying to form a political body (Estates General made of third parts) to speak with the king to form a constitutional monarchy (Tennis Court Oath)

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National Convention ("The Terror) - Jacobins (Radicals - David, Marat, Robespierre)

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Radicals in charge of the Terror. Behead everyone accused of supporting or sympathizing with the crown.

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The Directory (Moderates)

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Moremoderate republican government, led by a committee of five men (“Directors”)

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Olympe de Gouges

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Declarationof the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. Moderates