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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ABSOLUTISM
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This is an absolute monarchy, which means that the sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right.
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SOVEREIGNTY
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Jean Bodin believed that sovereign power consisted of the authority to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state’s administrative system, and determine foreign policy.
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JEAN BODIN
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He was a political theorist who created the belief of a sovereign monarch in the late sixteenth-century.
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BISHOP JACQUES BOSSUET (DIVINE-RIGHT MONARCHY)
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(1627-1704) He was one of the chief theorists of divine-right monarchy and also a French theologian and court preacher. He expressed his ideas in a book titled Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture and argued that the government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society. God established kings and through them reigned over all peoples of the world. Since kings received their power from God, their authority was absolute. They were responsible to no one except God. There was, however, a large gulf between the theory of absolutism as expressed by Bossuet and the practice of absolutism. A monarch’s absolute power was often limited greatly by practical realties.
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CARDINAL RICHELIEU
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He was Louis XIII’s chief minister from 1624 to 1642 and initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy. By eliminating the political and military right of the Huguenots while preserving their religious ones, he transformed the Huguenots into more reliable subjects. Richelieu acted more cautiously when dealing with the French nobility, understanding the influential role they played in the French state. He developed a network of spies to uncover noble plots and then crushed the conspiracies and executed the conspirators, thereby eliminating a major threat to royal authority.
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INTENDANTS
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These were royal officials sent out by Richelieu to reform and strengthen the central administration initially for financial reasons. As their functions grew, they came into conflict with provincial governors. Since they were victorious in most of these disputes, they further strengthened the power of the crown.
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TAILLE
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This was an annual direct tax usually levied on land or property and was increased in 1643. When increase, it was two and a half time what it had been in 1610.
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ANNE OF AUSTRIA
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She was the wife of Louis XIII and the regent mom of Louis XIV who ruled France after he died.
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CARDINAL MAZARIN
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He was Richelieu’s trained successor who dominated the government. He was an Italian who came to France as a papal legate and then became naturalized in an attempt to carry out Richelieu’s policies. He died in 1661.
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THE FRONDE
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During Mazaran’s rule, he was greatly disliked by all elements of the French populations and they revolted against him. The nobility disliked the centralization of administrative power being built up at the expense of the provincial nobility, temporarily allied with the members of the Parliament of Paris, who opposed to the new taxes levied by the government to pay the costs of the Thirty Year’s War.
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THE SUN KING
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Although Louis XIV may have believed in the theory of absolute monarchy and consciously fostered the myth of himself as the Sun King, the source of light for all of his people, historians are quick to point out that the realities fell far short of the aspirations.
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REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES
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Louis XIV wanted to maintain religious harmony, so he revoked the Edict of Nantes in October 1685 with the Edict of Fontainebleau.
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JEAN BAPTISTE COLBERT
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(1619-1683) He was the controller general of finances for Louis XIV. He sought to increase the wealth and power of France through general adherence to mercantilism, which stressed government regulation of economic activities to benefit the state.
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MERCHANTILISM
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It was a government policy developed by Colbert that stressed government regulation of economic activities to benefit the state.
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VERSAILLES
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It was the residence of the king, a reception hall for state affairs, an office building for the members of the king’s government, and the home of thousands of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers. It also became home to the high nobility and princes of the blood (the royal princes), those powerful figures who had aspired to hold the policy-making role of royal ministers. Nobles were required to live there for a month out of the year, so it took them away from their power and (little to their knowing) made them more submissive and the king more powerful.
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APPARTEMENT
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It was characterized by a formal informality. Relaxed rules of etiquette even allowed people to sit down in the presence of their superiors. The evening’s entertainment began with a concert, followed by games of billiards or cards, and ended with a sumptuous buffet.
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THE WAR OF DEVOLUTION
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Louis began his first war by invading the Spanish Netherlands to his north and the Franche Comte to the east. The Triple Alliance of the Dutch, English, and Swedes forced Louis to sue for peace in 1668 and accept a few towns in the Spanish Netherlands for his efforts.
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THE DUTCH WAR, 1672
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He never forgave the Dutch for arranging the Triple Alliance and in 1672, after isolating the Dutch, France invaded the United Provinces with some initial success. But the French victories led Brandenburg, Spain, and the HRE to form a new coalition that forced Louis to end the Dutch War by making peace at Nimwegen in 1678.
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THE PEACE OF NIMWEGEN AND FRANCHE COMETE
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This event occurred after the Dutch War in 1678. While Dutch territory remained intact, France received Franche Comte from Spain, which served merely to stimulate Louis’s appetite for even more land.
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THE WAR OF LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG
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(1689-1697) This war was against the league of Augsburg, consisting of Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, The United Provinces, Sweden, and England, and France and brought economic depression and famine to France. The Treaty of Ryswick ending the war forced Louis to give up most of his conquests in the empire, although he was allowed to keep Strasbourg and part of Alsace.
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CHARLES II (OF SPAIN)
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He was the sickly and the childless Habsburg ruler who left the throne of Spain in his will to a grandson of Louis XIV. When the latter became King Philip V of Spain after Charles’s death, the suspicion that Spain and France would eventually be united in the same dynastic family caused the formation of a new coalition determined to prevent a Bourbon hegemony that would mean the certain destruction of the European balance of power.
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THE WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION
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(1702-1713) This was Louis’s fourth war and was over bigger stakes, the succession of the Spanish throne
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PHILIP OF ANJOU/PHILIP V
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He was the grandson of Louis XIV and heir of Charles II. His kingship united the dynasties of Spain and France.
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JOHN CHURCHILL AND THE BATTLE OF BLENHEIM
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In a number of battles, including the memorable defeat of the French forces at Blenheim in 1704 by allied troops led by the English commander, John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, the coalition wore down Louis’s forces.
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THE PEACE OF UTERECT
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The war finally ended in 1713 with this peace treaty, in addition to Rastatt in 1714.
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