France 1800's

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Enlightenment period

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an 18th century philosophical movement devoted to critical examinations of
previously accepted doctrines and institutions from the viewpoints of rationalism (thinking about things with reason not with faith). As a historical period the enlightenment period refers to the 18th century
-there is an emphasis on new ideologies
-John Locke put an emphasis on human rights (natural rights)
-J.J. Rousseau
-the political ideologies Liberalism and Nationalism were born

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Feudal society

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-An agrarian society in which land was the basis of economic life. The peasantry composed either of free peasants (western europe) or serfs (central and eastern Europe) provided the most needed labor that sustained the economy
-The feudal society was based on inequality between the landlords and the peasants (vassals)

-Surfs: a landlocked peasant, who's rights are based on the landlords word (kind of like slavery)

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Old/New regime

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Old: aristocracy, absolutist monarchy, the period prior to the French revolution, social inequalities, political oppression, religious persecution, economic exploitation
-division of society in to 3 estates
-feudal system was very inefficient
-financial difficulties under Louis XIV and Louis XV
-the discontent with peasants

-New: Republic, period after the french revolution, more freedom and equality

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Absolutism Vs. Constitutionalism

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Absolutism: (old regime) a form of government in which all power is vested in the hands of a single ruler.

Constitutionalism: (New regime) a government in which the power is distributed and limited by a system of laws that must be followed by everyone, including the kings and the wealthy. These laws may be written in a constitution, a bill of rights or they may be oral.

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Monarchy Vs. Republic

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Monarchy: a state ruled by a monarch and ascendance to the throne is hereditary
Republic: a political order in which the supreme power is held by a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible for them, the this political order, the head of the state is not a monarch and in modern times he is usually a president.
-the first republic is France in 1792

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Who was Napoleon?

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from Corsica the island in 1769
-in 1796 he was the commanding officer for the french in northern Italy

-Napoleon defeated the Austrian army in Northern Italy and signed a treaty after

-In 1799 he was sent to Egypt to set up trade and control trade with Asia
-He went back to France and was asked to join the Executive Directory (aka government)
-they were scared of the Neo-Jacobins (people who led the revolution)
-Neo-Jacobins controlled parliament

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Treaty of Campo Formino

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took Austria out of the war, also it required Austria to redistribute properties west of the Rhine river, Austria lost influence in German states

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Napoleonic code/civil code 1804

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-this confirmed the abolition of privileges in the old regime (land ownership, hunting privileges)
-Established advancement by merit, not by purchase of offices or by birth
-Declared citizen's equality before the law (even through only men with property were granted political rights)
-Established a centralized educational system by imposing government's control of the same curriculum in the entire nation and all the French colonies, and as a result Nationalism
-maintained the abolition of primogeniture and requested that property be distributed equally among all the children regardless of gender
-Instituted a new judicial system with fair trials and jurors
-on the negative side it reinforced patriarchy in French society

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What did he accomplish? (Concordat of 1801)

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signed the Concordat of 1801 with Pope Piux VII
-an agreement which allowed the church to regain some of the privileges that they lost, also it put the government in control of the church, government elects bishops
-suppressed royalist (people who liked the monarchy) rebellion in Brittany and Vendee
-Reorganized the government Bureaucracy
-Introduced financial reforms to reduce the national deficit and created the Bank of France
-Created a new nobility, composed of old and new nobles

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1800: Marengo (treaty of Luneville) (International victory)

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-Napoleon & Holy Roman Emperor Francis II

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1805: Austerlitz (treaty of Pressburg) (International victory)

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-Austria and France
-Peace treaty

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1809: Wagram (Treaty of Schronbrunn)

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-Another peace treaty between Austria And France

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1813: Battle of the Nations (Leipzig, Island of Elba, Treaty of Chaumont march 1814)(International defeat)

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-battle of the nations was a battle featuring Prussia, Austria, Russia and G.B against France
-The treaty of Chaumont was offered to Napoleon to have a cease fire and for him to go back to France, but he rejected it and Austria, Russia, Prussia, and G.B. beat Napoleon anyway

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1802: Treaty of Amiens*(diplomatic victory)

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-this was a temporary peace treaty between the U.K. and French Republic during the French revolutionary wars

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1807: Friedland and Tilsit treaty (Diplomatic victory)

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-two peace treaties between France and Russia and France and Prussia after the battle at Friedland
-to secretly aid each other in fights

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1806: Jena and Averdtadt and the Berlin Decrees (Diplomatic victory)

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-this forbid imports from England to come into Europe to anyone who was allied or dependent on France

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1807: Milan Decree and the Continental System

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-cut off all British trade with European Continent

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1815: The hundred days

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this period represents the time between Napoleons return from exile to France and the defeat at Waterloo

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-Waterloo:

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was a war fought by Napoleon against the seventh coalition (U.K., Austria, Prussia, Russia) an then restored the France Monarchy
-St. Helena is the name of the Island Napoleon was exiled to after waterloo and then later died

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Nationalism

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-Nationalism is an ideology based on the fact that "a nation is composed of people who are joined together by the bonds of Common language, customs, culture, and history and who because of these bonds should be administered by the same government.

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Areas of Strong nationalism

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-major areas in Europe of strong nationalism
1)England and the Irish problems (wanted more autonomy from British)
2)Austria and the German political unity (German states wanted more unity)
-Hapsburg Empire (German)
-most people where Hungarian then German and the Germans were ruling
3)Austria and the Northern Italian Political unity
-all Italians wanted to unite into one Kingdom
4)Austria and the small national groups of Eastern Europe
5)Russia and the polish nationalists
-Polish want Autonomy from Russia
6)Southern Europe: Serbs, Greeks, Albanians, Romanians, Bulgarians…against the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire
-these regions will challenge established monarchy's

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Liberalism (political and economic goals)

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Anybody or anything that challenge the conservatives' own political, social, or religious values.
-usually well-educated wealthy people who were excluded from existing political processes and -who wanted to be included
-Political goals:
-they wanted legal equality, religious toleration, freedom of press
-They favored liberal political institutions such as constitutional monarchs or republics with elected officials.
-Economic goals:
-They opposed economic restraints (protectionism and high tariffs) and government's control of labor and wage policy.
-They wanted to manufacture and sell goods freely
-They favored the removal of international tariffs and international barriers to trade (Lassier-faire economy)

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Conservativism

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-it was the ideology of those who supported the status quo

-Conservatives were a group composed of legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches.

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Prince Matternich(Conservative)

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-Metternich was extremely conservative, wanted to make sure Austrian Empire didn’t fall

-didn’t want German Unity
-Habsburg Empire

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Fredrick William III (Prussia)(Conservative)

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-Burschenschaften: Were student associations in Prussia, wanted reforms in Germany
-Liberals and Nationalists
-in 1819, a member of the student body killed conservative writer, which will lead to reinforced conservative laws

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German Confederation (Conservative)(Carlsbad Decree, Final Act)

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Carlsbad decrees:
-dissolved the student associated
-allowed university inspectors to the curriculum
-imposed censorship in media
-made it easier to fire liberal teachers in universities
Final Act:
-1820
-limited the subjects or topics to be discussed in parliament in the southern states
-asserted the right of the monarch to resist the constitutional demand in

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Britain and Conservativism (Corn Laws, sales taxes, Coercion Act, Six Acts)

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-couple issues: unemployment, poor harvest
-these lead to economic crisis
-Corn Laws 1850: these imposed high prices for domestically produced grain through import duties on foreign grain. (so local producers will make a profit)
-the Nobility gained from this because they could own a lot of land
-Sales Tax: these were income taxes imposed on the rich and the poor, this hurt the poor people
-Peterloo- a confrontation of poor people with the state
-Coercion Act 1817: this was a law that restricted people ability to assemble
-the Six Act:
1)forbid large unauthorized gatherings
2)it raised the fines for subversive writing
3)it allowed for speedy trial for political opponents
4)increase newspaper taxes
5)forbade the training of private arm groups (Militia)
6)it allowed local officials to search homes in disturbed areas

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France conservativism ( Louis XVII’s Charter, 1820’s laws, July Ordinances (1830))

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laws, Charles X, the July Ordinances)
-Bourbon Restoration: the restoration of the Monarchy
-Charter was the constitution of Louis XVIII's own making
-Ultra-royalists: were the dominant groups that supported the monarchy
-Jacobins: the ones who controlled the revolution
-Bonapartists: people who supported Napoleon
-1820's laws: repressive laws, made to reduce freedom in France
1)revision of the elector laws
2)censorship
3)the easy arrest of suspect of political opponents (enemies of the Monarchy)
4)the return of secondary education to the Roman catholic Church
-Charles X:
-very conservative
July Ordinances(1830):
-these sparked a major rebellion in the country
-the rebellion ended the restoration of the monarchy
-these were a list of rules Charles X indoctrinated that we're very oppressive
-July Monarchy/Bourgeois/ Liberal monarchy
-this followed the after the rebellion
-led by Louis Philippe
-the Bourgeois were in power

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Congress of Vienna (1815) and the Concert of Europe.

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-The big Four(Austria, Russia, Britain, Germany) came up with Congress to keep the peace in Europe
-Collective security
-you have to come together to resolve issues
-this was a distribution of powers in Europe

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Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle (Aachen) (1818) and the French Question.

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-the Big four agreed to remove foreign troops from France

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Congress of Troppau (1820) [the Protocol of Troppau].

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-after many rebellions around the Big Five (including France now) met to try and workout problems. And they said that all the nations had to intervene when one country was having a rebellion

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Congress of Laibach (1821) and the Sicilian crisis.

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-Approved intervention in the Kingdom of two sicilies

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Congress of Verona (1822) and the Spanish crisis

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-Discussed the Spanish crisis and approved France's invasion of Spain to save the Monarchy

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The Vital Revolution (population explosion, Urbanization)

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a. Population explosion {the factors]
-in the early 1800's population growth was slow because of poor diet, war, disease
-but between the late 18th century and 1900's the population the population started to increase 10% growth
b. Urbanization
-until 18th century the majority of the european societies lived on farms and rural areas
-by 1850, more than 50% of the Europeans population lived in towns and cities, especially in England where industrialization began.

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Agricultural Revolution

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a. Definition
this refers to increased food supplies due to increased harvest as a result of improved techniques and the introduction of new crops
b. Three stages
1)Extensive land use (more acres planted), and Intensive land use (higher yields per acre)
2)Introduction of new winter crops (potatoes, sugar beet etc..) improved diet

3)Enclosure-system

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Proto-Industrialization

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a. Definition
-factories-urbanization-transportation-schools etc…
-this process by which machines, operated by hundreds of people in urban factories, replaced the production of handcraft workers in small shops and cottages.
b. Process [Steam engine, Coal, Iron, railways [Stockton-to Darlington]
-The industrial age began with a new technology: the Steam engine (James Watt/Denis Papin) that was first used in the mining of coal and later in transportation. Thus iron became very important.
-Steam engine, coal, iron (reason for industrial revolution in England)
-The textile industry was the first beneficiary of the new technology as new machines were invented

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Industrialization and the proletarianization process (Effects on society)

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-the emergence of the working class came during this period
-Proletarianization: the entry into the wage economy due to the loss of the means of production (labor, tools, and equipment) and of control over the conduct of their own trades.
-Migration led to labor surplus in the cities-lower wages and working under less favorable and unprotected conditions (abusive practices).
-Working class political activism
-people with skills were the most active and radical
EX case of the Chartism/London men's association in Britain (William Lovett, the Charter)
The Charter of 1833: demanded 6 specific reforms:
1)universal manhood suffrage
2)Annual election of the house of commons
3)Secret Ballot
4)Equal electoral districts
5)Abolition of property qualification for the members of the house of commons
6)Payment of salaries to the members of the house of commons
What did they achieve?
-the economy eventually got better so the demands of the Charter of 1833 was nullified
-but this

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Industrialization impacts on family structure (Effects on society)

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-The father became employed in the factory leaving his wife and the children at home (broken family link)
-the father was allowed to employ his children and his wife (Family reunited)
-As the factory and the machines got larger, fewer skilled operators and many unskilled workers were needed-machines tending became the work of unmarried women and of children (lower wages, loss of parental supervision, and more abuses)
-Skilled factory workers removed their children from the factory and sent them to school and their wives from the factory to other jobs or homes
-Labor legislation to protect children in the factory
EX the English factory act of 1833
-English factory act of 1833: forbid the employment of children under age 9, limited the work day of children age 9-13 to only 9 hours per day, also children be given 2 hours of education a day paid for by the factory owner

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Industrialization impacts on marriage

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-Cohabitation before marriage was very common
-Fewer parents' arranged marriage then in the past
-Now marriage meant the women leaving the work force to live on the husband's income
-increased illegitimate births
-Child labor was so valuable that parents wanted more children (Large family size)

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Industrialization and the problems with crime and order (Effects on society)

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-New, professional police forces (The bobbies)
-Prison reforms
-before the 19th century-penalty of transportation and public work prison-call for prison reforms (J. Howard, E. Fry, and C. Lucas)
-19th century prison reforms:
1)Auburn prison system: separation at night and association in working time during the day

2)Philadelphia prison system: separation all the time

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1848 revolution causes

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1)Severe food shortages: due to poor grain and potato harvest between 1845-1847.
EX Irish Potato Famine
2)Widespread unemployment: because of labor surplus due to intense migration from the rural areas
3)Horrendous working and living conditions: for the artisans and the working class in the industrial cities
4)Calls by the Liberals for the political and economical reforms (France) and/or by the nationalists for autonomy and unity (Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Czechs)

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1848 revolutions: France

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-Feb. 22 1848 and Louis Philippe's Abdication
-Provisional government
-the five-men executive counsel and the June Days (June 24-26)
-Cavaignac's government (Repressive regime)
-The rise of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and the Second French Republic
-What did the French 1848 revolution accomplish?
-ended the monarchy, and established the second republic
-the 1848 constitution was passed which established a presidential system
-it abolished slavery in France and French colonies

-It instituted universal manhood suffrage but women were excluded

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1848 Revolutions: the Habsburg Empire

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-Vienna (Louis Kossuth, student revolt, emancipation of the serfs in Austria and Hungary)
-prince Metternich resigned following this
-Budapest (The Magyar revolt: March laws, partial autonomy granted to Hungary)
*Magyar-lended power
-Prague (Czech nationalism )(First Pan-Slavic Congress, June 12, 1848)
-Northern Italy (March 18, 1848, Lombardy and Piedmont, Novara)
-wanted autonomy from Austria, wanted a united Italian country