Foundations Of Group Behavior (Ch. 9)

Front 1

Define a "group"

Back 1

Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.

Front 2

What are two classifications of groups?

Back 2

Formal and Informal Groups

Front 3

Define a formal group

Back 3

A designated work group defined by the organization’s structure.

Front 4

Define an informal group

Back 4

A group that is neither formally structured now organizationally determined; appears in response to the need for social contact.

Front 5

5 reasons people join a group (according to Roberge slide)

Back 5

Security, Status, Self-esteem, Affiliation, Power, Goal Achievement

Front 6

The 5 stages of group development?

Back 6

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjorning.

(There's also a "pre-stage 1".)

Front 7

The Forming stage of group development.

Back 7

The first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty.

Front 8

The Storming stage of group development.

Back 8

The second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict.

Front 9

The Norming stage of group development.

Back 9

The third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.

Front 10

The Performing stage of group development.

Back 10

The fourth stage in group development, when the group is fully functional.

Front 11

The Adjourning stage of group development

Back 11

The final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than performance.

Front 12

The 3 levels of interactions

Back 12

Individual, Dyadic, Group

Front 13

The individual level of interactions

Back 13

Goals, Norms, and Tasks

Front 14

The dyadic level of interactions

Back 14

Who they interact with to perform their tasks
What the content is of dyadic input-output transactions
When they perform acts to ensure coordination

Front 15

The group level of interactions

Back 15

Continuous improvement
Mutual performance monitoring
Team adaptability and coordination maintenance

Front 16

4 types of groups

Back 16

Task Group
Interest Group
Command Group
Friendship Group

Front 17

Task Group

Back 17

Those working together to complete a task.

Front 18

Interest Group

Back 18

Those working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned.

Front 19

Command Group

Back 19

A group composed of individuals who report directly to a given manager.

Front 20

Friendship Group

Back 20

Those brought together because they share one or more common characteristics.

Front 21

Elements of Group Structure

Back 21

Roles
Norms
Status
Size
Cohesiveness

Front 22

4 elements of group role

Back 22

Role
Role Identity
Role Perception
Role Expectations

Front 23

Psychological Contract

Back 23

An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from the employee and vice versa. (Denise Rousseau)

Front 24

____ performed the famous Prison Experiment

Back 24

Zimbardo

Front 25

Zimbardo's Prison Experiment

Back 25

Officers and prisoners assumed their roles rapidly. Officers relished their role, became tough, aggressive and arrogant. Experiment was terminated after 6 days.

Front 26

4 types of Group Norms

Back 26

Performance norms
Appearance norms
Social arrangement norms
Allocation of resources norms

Front 27

_____ conducted a famous study of Conformity

Back 27

Solomon E. Asch

Front 28

Asch's conformity experiment

Back 28

Line comparisons. Confederates chose correct line twice, but then chose the wrong line in the next 10 trials. 76% of subjects went along with the majority in at least one trial. Overall, 35% conformed.

Front 29

Social Loafing

Back 29

The tendency for individuals to expend less energy when working collectively than when working individually.
Odd number groups perform better.
Groups of 7 or 9 perform best.

Front 30

Diffused Social Responsibility

Back 30

Occurs in large groups when everyone thinks someone else will take care of things. E.g. bystander intervention in emergencies.

Researched by Dr. Bibb Latané

Front 31

Cohesiveness

Back 31

The degree to which group members are attached to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.

Front 32

Things that can increase group cohesiveness

Back 32

Make the group smaller.
Encourage agreement with group goals.
Increase time members spend together.
Increase group status and admission difficultly.
Stimulate competition with other groups.
Give rewards to the group, not individuals.
Physically isolate the group.

Front 33

Strengths of Group Decision Making

Back 33

More complete information
Increased diversity of views
Higher quality of decisions (more accuracy)
Increased acceptance of solutions

Front 34

Weaknesses of Group Decision Making

Back 34

More time consuming (slower)
Increased pressure to conform
Domination by one or a few members
Ambiguous responsibility

Front 35

Group/Social Identity

Back 35

That part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership of a social group together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership

Front 36

Depersonalization

Back 36

The process of ‘self-stereotyping’ whereby people come to perceive themselves more as the interchangeable exemplars of a social category rather than as unique personalities defined by their individual differences from others

Front 37

When social identity is too high, ______ can occur.

Back 37

Groupthink

Front 38

Groupthink

Back 38

Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative course of action.

Front 39

Groupshift

Back 39

A change in decision risk between the group’s decision and the individual decision that members within the group would make; can be either toward conservatism or greater risk.

Front 40

Symptoms of Groupthink

Back 40

A change in decision risk between the group’s decision and the individual decision that member within the group would make; can be either toward conservatism or greater risk.

Front 41

Ways to reduce the likelihood of Groupthink

Back 41

Using a policy-forming group which reports to the larger group
Having leaders remain impartial
Using different policy groups for different tasks
Dividing into groups and then discuss differences
Discussing within sub-groups and then report back
Using outside experts
Using a Devil's advocate to question all the group's ideas
Holding a "second-chance meeting" to offer one last opportunity to choose another course of action

Front 42

4 group decision-making techniques

Back 42

Interacting Groups
Nominal Group Technique
Brainstorming
Electronic Meeting

Front 43

When/Why do people for a social identity? 4 reasons

Back 43

Similarity
Distinctiveness
Status
Uncertainty Reduction

Front 44

What is the name of the alternate model of group development for temporary groups with deadlines

Back 44

Punctuated-Equilibrium Model

Front 45

Punctuated-Equilibrium Model (6 stages)

Back 45

1. First meeting - set the group's direction
2. Inertia period - fixed course of action, lower productivity
3. Transition - occurs at half-way point; heightened awareness of limited time
4. Revised direction
5. Inertia phase 2 - higher productivity
6. Final burst of activity