Foundations Of Geriatric Physical Therapy

Front 1

The process of growing old

Back 1

Aging

Front 2

What are the evidence of aging

Back 2

1. Decline in hemeostatic efficiency
2. Increasing probability that reaction to injury will not be successful

Front 3

It is the scientific study of factors impacting the normal aging process and the effects of aging.

Back 3

Gerontology

Front 4

It is the branch of medicine concerned with the illnesses of old age and their care.

Back 4

Geriatrics

Front 5

It is the maximum survival potential, the inherent natural life of species.

Back 5

Life span

Front 6

Human life span

Back 6

110-120 years

Front 7

It is the number of years of life expectation from year of birth.

Back 7

Life expectancy

Front 8

T or F: Women live 6.6 years longer than men.

Back 8

True

Front 9

Life expectancy of people in the United States

Back 9

75.8 years

Front 10

It is the last stage of adulthood through death.

Back 10

Senescence

Front 11

Three categories of elderly

Back 11

Young elderly
Old elderly
Old, old elderly (Old and frail elderly)

Front 12

Age range to be considered young elderly

Back 12

65-74 years

Front 13

Age range to be considered old elderly

Back 13

75-84 years

Front 14

Age range to be considered Old, old elderly

Back 14

>85 years

Front 15

Factors contributing to increased life expectancy

Back 15

1. Advances in healthcare, improved infectious control
2. Advances in infant/child care, decrease mortality rates
3. Improvements in nutrition and sanitation

Front 16

Leading causes of death in persons over 65 (in order of frequency)

Back 16

1. CHD
2. CA
3. CVD
4. COPD
5. Pneumonia/flu

Front 17

Leading causes of disability/chronic conditions (mordibity) in persons over 65, in order of frequency

Back 17

1. Arthritis
2. HTN
3. Hearing impairments
4. Heart impairments
5. Cataracts and chronic sinusitis
6. Orthopedic impairments
7. DM and visual impairments
8. One of more chronic conditions

Front 18

What percentage of total health care expenditures do older persons account?

Back 18

36%

Front 19

What percentage of hospital stays and hospital days of care do older persons account?

Back 19

33% of hospital stays
44% of hospital days

Front 20

What are the theories of aging?

Back 20

1. Biological theories
2. Environmental theories (stochastic or nongenetic)
3. Psychological theories
4.Sociological theories

Front 21

Examples of cellular changes during aging

Back 21

1. Fragmentation of Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
2. Decrease in cell capacity to divide and reproduce
3. Arrest of DNA synthesis and cell division

Front 22

Examples of tissue changes during aging

Back 22

1. Accumulation of pigmented materials, lipofuscins
2. Accumulation of lipids and fats
3. Connective tissue changes (decreased elastic content, degredation of collagen, presence of pseudoelastins)

Front 23

Examples of Organ changes during aging

Back 23

1. Decrease in functional capacity
2. Decrease in hemeostatic efficiency

Front 24

This theory of aging states that genes are programmed to modulate aging changes

Back 24

Genetic

Front 25

Term used for premature aging syndromes

Back 25

Progeria

Front 26

Progeria of Childhood

Back 26

Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome

Front 27

Progeria of young adults

Back 27

Werner's syndrome

Front 28

This theory states that functional deterioration within cells is due to limited number of genetically programmed cell doublings or cell replication

Back 28

Doubling/biological clock (Hayflick's limit theory)

Front 29

These are highly reactive, toxic forms of oxygen produced by mitochondria

Back 29

Free radicals

Front 30

Effects of free radicals to the cell/body

Back 30

1. Cause damage to cell membranes and DNA cell replication
2. Interefere with cell diffusion and transport, resulting in decreased O2 delivery and tissue health.
3. Decrease cellular integrity, enzyme activities.
4. Result in cross-linkages (chemical bonding of elements not generally joined together)
5. Results in accumulation of aging pigments, lipofuscins.
6. Can trigger pathological changes (atherosclerosis in blood vessel wall or cell mutations in CA)

Front 31

These are errors in the synthesis of proteins (DNA, RNA) that lead to aging changes

Back 31

Cell mutation (Intrinsic Mutagenensis)

Front 32

This theory states that functional decrements in neurons and their associated hormones leads to aging changes

Back 32

Hormonal theory

Front 33

Primary regulators and timekeepers of aging

Back 33

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland

Front 34

This is the master hormone of the body and controls rate of protein synthesis and metabolism

Back 34

Thyroxine

Front 35

Protective hormones

Back 35

Estrogen
Growth hormone
Adrenal DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

Front 36

Effects of Increased stress hormone (Cortisol)

Back 36

Can damage brain's memory center, the hippocampus, and destroy immune cells

Front 37

What are some changes during aging according to Immunity theory?

Back 37

Thymus size decreases and becomes less functional
Bone marrow cell efficiency decreases which results in steady decrease in immune responses during adulthood
Tcells, become less able to fight foreign organisms
B cells become less able to make antibodies
Autoimmune diseases increase with age

Front 38

This theory states that aging is caused by an accumulation of insults from the environment

Back 38

Environmental Theories (Stochastic or nongenetic)

Front 39

Examples of environmental toxins

Back 39

UV rays
Cross linking agents (saturated fats)
Toxic chemicals (metal ions, Zn, Mg)
Radiation
Viruses

Front 40

T or F: Toxins can result in errors in protein synthesis and DNA synthesis/genetic sequences (error theory), cross linkage of molecules, mutations

Back 40

True

Front 41

This theory states that homeostatic imbalances alter structural and chemical composition in the body

Back 41

Stress theory

Front 42

Three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome

Back 42

1. Alarm stage
2. Resistance stage
3. Exhaustion stage

Front 43

T or F: Stress theory is closely linked to hormonal theory

Back 43

True

Front 44

What does Erikson's bipolar theory of lifespan development (Stages of later adulthood) states?

Back 44

Integrity vs. Despair
A person gets a sense of integrity if life is viewed with satisfaction. A person will feel despair if life is viewed with regrets.

Front 45

This theory states that life experience/lifestyles influence aging process.

Back 45

Sociological theory

Front 46

This theory states that older persons who are socially active exhibit improved adjustments to the aging process.

Back 46

Activity theory

Front 47

This states that reduction in social roles leads to further isolation and life dissatisfaction.

Back 47

Disengagement theory

Front 48

Term for increasing reliance on others for meeting physical and emotional needs.

Back 48

Dependency

Front 49

What is intergral model of aging

Back 49

Assumes that aging is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon in which some or all of the above processes may contribute to the overall aging of an individual and that aging is not adequately explained by any single theory.