Foundations In Nursing (Excelsior)

Front 1

GENETICS (in terms of growth and development)

Back 1

Gender

Physical characteristics

Front 2

TEMPERAMENT (in terms of growth and development)

Back 2

Way the individual responds to external and internal environment.

Front 3

Family (in terms of growth and development)

Back 3

Involved in physiological and psychological well-being of the individual

Front 4

Environment (in terms of growth and development)

Back 4

Living conditions, socioeconomic status, climate and community

Front 5

Health (in terms of growth and development)

Back 5

Illness, injury or congenital conditions can affect growth and development

Front 6

Culture (in terms of growth and development)

Back 6

Nutritional practices and child rearing practices

Front 7

Arnold Gesell

Back 7

BIOPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT (physical body)

Father of Growth and Development
Humans follow a timetable and will hit milestones regardless of upbringing.

Development is part of maturation.

Front 8

Jean Paiget

Back 8

COGNITIVE THEORY (learn to think reason and use language.

Action = Knowledge

Infants learn by doing

Front 9

Lawrence Kolhberg

Back 9

MORAL DEVELOPMENT (concepts or morality and moral behavior)

Punishment VS Reward

Social morality and interpersonal norms

Community ethics

Front 10

Carol Gilligan

Back 10

MORAL DEVELOPMENT (concepts or morality and moral behavior)

Men us regulations and rules whereas women use relationships.

Individual, self-sacrifice, moral equality

Front 11

James Fowler

Back 11

SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT (relations to the universe and meaning to life)

Trusting others→imagination and stories→rejecting or accepting outside influences→construct own approach→recognizes truths from other sources→"enlightenment".

Front 12

John Westeroff

Back 12

SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT (relations to the universe and meaning to life)

4 stage process dependent of the family practice and guided by parents influences.
Eventually "owning the faith for themselves and personalizing their faith for their own beliefs".

Front 13

Sigmund Freud

Back 13

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (personality)

Psychosexual theory

Oral, Anal, Phallic, latency, genital

Id, ego and Superego

Front 14

Erik Erikson

Back 14

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (personality)

Non-sexual crisis or turning points that occur.

Trust VS Mistrust → Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt

Initiative VS Guilt → Industry VS Inferiority

Intimacy VS Isolation → Generativity VS Stagnation

Integrity VS Despair

Front 15

Robert Peck

Back 15

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (personality)

Re-defined Erikson's theory to detail elderly conflict between ego integrity and despair.

Front 16

Roger Gould

Back 16

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (personality)

Transformation of adult development starts at 16 with family ties, establishing own family and changes that occur with roles and mortality.

Front 17

Robert Havighurst

Back 17

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (personality)

Basic life skills that are essential to life

Walk, eat bladder control.

Play, gender roles, independence.

Relationships, intellectual growth.

Starting a family, mating, occupation.

Adjusting to aging parent and own aging body.

Retirement, decreased income, loss of spouse.

Front 18

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Back 18

Physiological needs:The needs to satisfy hunger

Safety needs:The need to feel predictable

Belongingness andlove:To fill the void of loneliness

Self-esteem:The need for recognition

Self-actualization:Living to your potential

Self-transcendence:Meaningbeyond one’s self.

Front 19

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

Back 19

5 Stages of Grieving

Denial

Anger

Bargaining

Depression

Acceptance

Front 20

George Engel

Back 20

6 stages of grieving

Shock & disbelief

developing awareness

restitution

revolving the loss

idealization

outcome

Front 21

Catherine Sanders

Back 21

5 Phases of Bereavement

Shock

Awareness or loss

Conservation/withdrawal

Healing

Renewal

Front 22

Martocchio

Back 22

5 Clusters of Grief

Shock & Disbelief

Yearning & Protect

Anguish

Disorganization

Despair

Front 23

Perceived loss

Back 23

Cannot be verified by others

(mother leaves career to care for children - loss of independence or freedom)

Front 24

Disenfranchised Grief

Back 24

Cannot be acknowledged to

(secret abortion kept from family, secret relationship with homosexual with AIDS Dx)

Front 25

Anticipatory Grief

Back 25

Experience in advance of event (fear of surgical scar)

Front 26

Abbreviated Grief

Back 26

Brief but genuine when lost object not very significant

Front 27

GRIEF

Bereavement VS Mourning

Back 27

Total response to a loss.
Bereavement - subjective response experienced by surviving loved ones.

Mourning - behavioral process which grief is eventually resolved

Front 28

Role strain

Back 28

Current obligations are impossible to carry out.

Feel inadequate or unsuited for a role.

(woman in male-dominated field, sex-role stereotypes).

Front 29

Role Conflicts

Back 29

Opposing or incompatible expectations.

Intra-role: External, concentrated on a single domain, conflicting information from 2 doctors

Inter-role: Internal, covers all life domains, multiple roles and patient will put health on hold for full-filling other role.

Front 30

Role Ambuguity

Back 30

Lack of clarity about expectations of the role, when people are not sure how to do a task or unable to predict the reactions of others.

Front 31

Role Insufficiency

Back 31

Cost and reward analysis and the cost of the care isn't worth the treatment

Front 32

Eight Stages of the course of disease

Back 32

Pre-trajectory

Trajectory

Crisis phase

Acute phase

Stable Phase

Unstable phase

Downward phase

Dying phase

Front 33

Pre-Trajectory Phase

Back 33

Stages of the Course of Disease

Occurs before any signs or symptoms

Front 34

Trajectory Phase

Back 34

Stages of the Course of Disease

Occurs with the 1st onset of signs and symptoms and includes diagnostic period

Front 35

Crisis Phase

Back 35

Stages of the Course of Disease

When a potentially life-threatening situation occurs.

Front 36

Acute Phase

Back 36

Stages of the Course of Disease

Follows a crisis phase and refers to a period when the symptoms can be controlled by prescribed regimen

Front 37

Stable Phase

Back 37

Stages of the Course of Disease

Phase starts once symptoms can be controlled

Front 38

Unstable Phase

Back 38

Stages of the Course of Disease

When patients symptoms are uncontrolled by the previously adopted regimen

Front 39

Downward Phase

Back 39

Stages of the Course of Disease

Progressive deterioration in mental and physical status

Front 40

Dying Phase

Back 40

Stages of the Course of Disease

Refers to a period of days, weeks or hours preceding death

Front 41

Cataracts

Back 41

Increasing rigidity of lens structure

Non-painful blurry vision

Front 42

Glacoma

Back 42

Increase intraocular pressure caused by congestion of aqueous humor that leads to optic nerve damage.

Painful, visual halo

Front 43

Meniere's Disease

Back 43

Swelling of the cochlea causing lack of balance, tinnitus, ear pain and pressure.

Front 44

Gate Control Theory

Back 44

Synapses in dorsal horn act as gates. Small diameter fibers send signals to brain and large diameter close the gates.

Front 45

Nociceptive pain

Back 45

Intact and properly functioning nervous system sends signals that tissues are damaged (broken bone, cut finger) to prevent further damage.

Front 46

Somatic Pain

Back 46

Nociceptive pain.

Originates in the skin, muscles, bone or connective tissues.

Typically described as throbbing, cramping, pressing or aching qualities.

Front 47

Visceral Pain

Back 47

Nociceptive pain.

Pain receptors in the ABD, thorax and cranium. Tissue stretching, muscles spasms and ischemia can cause a "deep" burning achy or pressure pain.

Front 48

Neuropathic Pain

Back 48

Damaged or malfunctioning nerves due to illness. Typically is chronic.

Described as burning, electrical shock, dull, tingling or achy.

Can be peripheral or central neuropathic pain.

Front 49

Cancer-related pain

Back 49

Can be acute or chronic.

It can be directly related to the form of cancer, from the treatment or from injuries resulting from the cancer or treatment.

Front 50

Referred pain

Back 50

Pain felt in a part of the body considerably removed from the tissue causing the pain.

Front 51

Bradykinins

Back 51

Endogenous proteins that act on nociceptive nerve endings and cause inflammatory chemicals (histamine) and will cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.

(causes reddened and tender tissues)

Front 52

Myelinated A-delta fibers

Back 52

Large diameter fiber

Rapid transmission resulting in sharp/prickling pain

Front 53

Unmyelinated C fibers

Back 53

Small diameter fibers

Trasmit slowly, resulting in longer lasting and burning pain.

Front 54

Endorphins and Enkephalins

Back 54

Endogenous opioids released by dorsal horn that release interneuronal fibers that reduce transmission of noxious stimuli.

Front 55

Mydirasis

Back 55

Dilation of the pupil

Front 56

Myopia

Back 56

Nearsighted

Light rays are focused anterior to the retina

Front 57

Hyperopia or presbyopia

Back 57

Farsighted

Light rays are focused behind the retina

Front 58

Retinal detachment

Back 58

Separation of retinal pigment epithelium from the sensory layer.

Shade or curtain coming across eye, cobweb, bright flashing lights or onset of floaters.

Front 59

Ethnocentrism

Back 59

Belief that ones approach is best, superior or preferred ways to act, believe or behave.

Front 60

Racism

Back 60

The idea that people of different racial groups can be classified into terms of intellectual, mental or physical capabilities that maker them or others inferior or superior.

Front 61

Young old

Back 61

65-74 YEARS

Adapting to retirement

Front 62

Middle old

Back 62

75-84 YEARS

Adapting to dependence

Front 63

Old old

Back 63

85+ YEARS

Adaptation to physical problems and multiple losses

Front 64

Elite old

Back 64

100+ YEARS

Front 65

Infancy

Back 65

Birth to 1 YEAR

Growth 3-7 oz per week and height of 1 inch per month.

Tooth eruptions are common and possibly first molar

Front 66

Toddlerhood

Back 66

1-3 YEARS

Rapid motor skill and psychosocial development

0.5-3 pounds per year increasing as the child ages. Teething and thumb sucking may occur as well as 2nd and 3rd molars.

Front 67

Early Childhood

Back 67

3-6 YEARS

Time of social play, new social experiences and slower physical growth at 3-5 pounds per year.

Front 68

Middle Childhood

Back 68

6-12 YEARS

rapid physical, cognitive, social and communication development.

Puberty may or may not occur.

Height of 1.5-2 inches per year.

Front 69

Adolescence

Back 69

12-18 YEARS

Puberty, self-concept change, value-testing, stress and conflict as adulthood rears.

Front 70

Young Adulthood

Back 70

20-40 YEARS

Commitment to a lifestyle and a partner

Front 71

Middle Adulthood

Back 71

40-65 YEARS

Genital stage of development

Cancer is significant health concern

Heart disease is second leading cause of death

Front 72

Chronic Pain

Back 72

Reoccuring or lasting longer than 6 months
Normal VS

Parasympathetic nervous system response

Continues beyond healing

Client often fails to mention pain unless asked.

Front 73

Acute Pain

Back 73

Pain only lasts through the expected recovery time.

Increased HR, RR and BP

Sympathetic nervous system response

Client reports pain

Front 74

Weber test

Back 74

A normal weber test has a patient reporting the sound heard equally in both sides.

Determines whether an issue is conductive or sensorineural hearing loss.

Front 75

Rinne Test

Back 75

Compares air- and bone-conduction hearing. Air-conduction hearing occurs through air near the ear, and bone-conduction hearing occurs through vibrations.

Front 76

Sensorineural hearing loss

Back 76

occurs when auditory nerves or hair cells are damaged in the inner ear. This is also known as "nerve deafness," and it is caused mostly by aging.

Front 77

Conductive hearing loss

Back 77

Occurs when sound waves are not able to pass through the inner ear. This can be caused by an infection, a buildup of earwax, a punctured eardrum, and fluid in the middle ear.