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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is normal Sodium level?
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135-145 mEq/L
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What is normal potassium level?
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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Normal chloride level
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95-105 mEq/L
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Normal calcium level
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8.5-10.5 mg/dl
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Normal Magnesium level
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1.5-2.5 mg/dl
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Normal pH
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7.35-7.45
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Normal pO2
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90-100 mmHg
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Normal pCO2
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35-45 mmHg
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Normal HCO3
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20-30 (or 22-26 mEq/L)
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Normal WBC count
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4,500-10,000/mm3
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Normal albumin level
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3.5-5.0 g/dl
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What are the 4 acids on the body and where are they found?
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HCL- stomach
CO2-lungs Ketones-urine/byproduct of fat Lactic acid- muscles |
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What are the bases and where are they found?
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Bicarbonate (HCO3)- kidneys and lower GI
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What will acidosis do to the breathing rate?
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increase it
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Where is an ABG taken?
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artery
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What is a pH >7.45?
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alkalosis
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pH<7.35
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acidosis
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What is the acid in the lungs that can be eliminated or retained on an as needed basis?
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CO2
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Will Cheyne Stokes have a high or low CO2? Will it be acidosis or alkalosis?
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high CO2
acidosis |
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What does morphine do to respirations?
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decreases them
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What will alkalosis do to breathing?
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slow breathing: hypoventilate
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What will acidosis do to breathing?
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increase breathing rate: hyperventilate
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What does pain do to breathing rate?
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increase
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Interpret this ABG:
Respirations: 44 bpm pH 7.51 pCO2 30 |
Respiratory Alkalosis
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When is an ABG respiratory?
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If pH and CO2 levels match
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When is it metabolic?
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if PH and CO2 levels don't match
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What is pO2?
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partial pressure of arterial oxygen
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What is pO2<90
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hypoxemia
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What can help you tell pO2 without going into the artery?
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pulse oximeter
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Interpret this ABG:
Respiratory Rate: 44 bpm pH 7.51 pCO2 30 pO2 95% |
Respiratory Alkalosis
Does not need oxygen |
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What can you do if you need acids?
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breathe into a paper bag
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Interpret this ABG
pH 7.21 pCO2 pO2 85% |
respiratory acidosis
Give oxygen |
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Interpret this ABG
respirations: 20 per minute pH 7.56 pCO2- 31 pO2 95% |
respiratory alkalosis
Does not need oxygen |
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What can cause breaths of 8 per minute or below?
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morphine, pain with breathing- not exhaling, brainstem injury, drug/alcohol overdose, Spinal cord injury
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What does hyperventilation cause?
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lose lots of CO2- alkalosis
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What does breathing slow cause?
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retain CO2- acidosis
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Interpret this ABG
20 bpm pH 7.30 pCO2 31 pO2 89% |
metabolic acidosis
needs oxygen |
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What are some signs of respiratory acidosis?
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pH <7.35
CO2>4 Low respiratory rate |
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What are some causes of respiratory acidosis?
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pneumonia, sedation, anesthesia
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What are some interventions for respiratory acidosis?
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increase respirations, medication assessment
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What are some signs of metabolic alkalosis?
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ph>7.45
pCO2 35-45 or >45 Hypokalemia Upper GI losses (vomiting and NG suction) |
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What are some interventions for metabolic alkalosis?
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Fluid replacement (IV)
Potassium replacement (IV piggyback over 4 hours) |
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What is a loss of acid through GI or GU?
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metabolic alkalosis
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Interpret this ABG
20 bpm pH 7.27 pCO2 41 pO2 99% |
metabolic acidosis
does not need oxygen |
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Interpret this ABG
20 bpm pH 7.56 pCO2 50 pO2 89% |
metabolic alkalosis
Needs oxygen |
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What are some signs of metabolic acidosis?
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pH <7.35
pCO2 35-45 OR <45 Kussmal respirations Hypokalemia Lower GI losses (diarrhea, ileostomy, ketones, cardiac arrest) |
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What are rapid deep breaths?
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Kussmal Respirations
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What does Kussmal respirations do?
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rid the acid
smells like acetone |
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Why does an ileostomy cause metabolic acidosis?
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draining the base and it is not getting absorbed
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Why does cardiac arrest cause metabolic acidosis?
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not enough oxygenated blood is getting to the kidneys and therefore, the kidneys cannot retain base
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How do you treat metabolic acidosis?
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sodium bicarbonate push (50 cc syringe)
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How does the Atkins diet make ketones?
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breaking down fat and protein
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What does lactic acid in the muscles cause?
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muscle cramps and weakness
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Interpret this ABG
20 bpm pH 7.30 pCO2 35 pO2 88% |
metabolic acidosis
need oxygen treat with sodium bicarb push |
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How does metabolic acidosis cause hypokalemia?
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The kidneys are trying to pee out ketones and the potassium goes with, causing hypokalemia
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