Foundations Ch.22

Front 1

normal range for magnesium

Back 1

1.3-2.1mEq/L

Front 2

Normal range for calcium

Back 2

9-10.5mg/dl

Front 3

normal range for chloride

Back 3

95-105

Front 4

normal range for potassium

Back 4

3.5-5.0

Front 5

noraml range for sodium

Back 5

135-145

Front 6

what are the 2 major compartments

Back 6

extracellular and intracellular

Front 7

most water is located within the

Back 7

intracellular compartment

Front 8

extracellular is outside

Back 8

of the cell sand is 37% total body water

Front 9

between cells is

Back 9

interstital fluid

Front 10

transcellular fluid is extracellular fluid and includes

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csf, aqueous and vitreous humors in the eyes, synovial joint fluid serous fluid in body cavities

Front 11

extracellular fluids contain high concentrations of sodium

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chloride and bicarbonate ions

Front 12

intracellular fluid has higher concentrations of

Back 12

potassium, phosphate and magnesium

Front 13

water and electrolytes can move

Back 13

from one compartment to the next

Front 14

water balance exists when intake equals

Back 14

output

Front 15

average adult intakes

Back 15

2500ml/24hr

Front 16

the thirst center is in the

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HYPOTHALAMUS

Front 17

kidneys are primary regulator of

Back 17

water output

Front 18

water regulation occurs mainly through the action of

Back 18

ADH on collecting ducts

Front 19

when the body water content is low the posterior pituitary

Back 19

graldn releases ADH

Front 20

when body water content is high the secretion of ADH decreases, what is the result?

Back 20

less water absorbed, excess H2O eliminated

Front 21

deficency of body water is

Back 21

dehydration

Front 22

dehydration occurs when the body output exceeds

Back 22

intake

Front 23

water accumulation in the lungs is called

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pulmonary edema

Front 24

cerebral edema causes intercranial pressure

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and evidence of neurological dysfunction

Front 25

fluid shifts because of the pushing and pulling

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forces affecting the capillaries

Front 26

daily measurement of body weight provides a

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reliable estimate of fluid balance

Front 27

1 liter of water equals

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2.2 pounds

Front 28

First spacing is normal

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distribution of water

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second spacing is accumulationin

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interstital spaces

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3rd spacing water in spaes in which it

Back 30

isnt easily absorbed

Front 31

electrolyte balance exists when amounts of various electrolytes gained by the body

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equal amount lost

Front 32

kidneys control composition of body fluids by regulating the renal excretion of

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electrolytes

Front 33

sodium is the chief

Back 33

extracellular cation

Front 34

sodium maintains body fluid balance necessary for

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nerve impulse

Front 35

aldosterone stimulates the distal tubule of the

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nephron unit to reabsorb sodium

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aldosterone causes reabsorpiton of

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H2O and Na+

Front 37

Hypernatremia refers to excess

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na+ in the blood and is the result of excess water loss or increased na+ intake

Front 38

Hyponaturemia refers to decrease in

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plasma na+

Front 39

normal plasma Na+ levels are essential for normal

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brain function

Front 40

Potassium is the cheif

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intracellular cation

Front 41

the kidney is theprimary organ responsible for excretion of

Back 41

K+

Front 42

potassium is located in the

Back 42

extracellular space

Front 43

Hyperkalemia refers to excess

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K+

Front 44

what is the primary cause of hyperkalemia?

Back 44

kidney disease

Front 45

hyperkalemia is treated by dialysis

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IV of insulin glucose solution

Front 46

diaylsis removes what from the blood

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it removes K+

Front 47

IV solution drives glucose and K+ into the cells

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lowering plasma levels of K+

Front 48

Hypokalemia refers to a lower amount of K+

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within the blood

Front 49

what is the most common cause of hypokalemia?

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potassium loosing diuretics

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potassium spareers cause

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hyperkalemia

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Calium is necerssary for

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bone and teeth growth

Front 52

parathyroid hormone is primarily regulator of

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plasma levels of calcium

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Magnesium is the most abundent cation in

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intracellular fluid

Front 54

chloride is an extracellular

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anion

Front 55

chloride usually follows sodium

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passively

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when the plasma chloride levels decrease(hypochloremia) the plasma bicarbonate level

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increases and causes alkalosis

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most H+ comes from the bodys chemical reactions

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during metabolism

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when glucose is metabolized in the presence of oxygen it produces

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CO2, water and energy

Front 59

CO2 combines with water and forms

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an acid

Front 60

what are the 3 mechanisms used to regulate the bodys PH?

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buffers, lungs, kidneys

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The first line of defense is

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the buffers

Front 62

a buffer is a chemical substance that

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prevents a large change in PH

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the lungs are the

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second line of defense

Front 64

With a decrease in resp rate it decreases ph and the body retains

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CO2

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CO2 combines with H2O to form

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H+

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increase in H+ causes

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ph to decrease

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CO2 retention causes formation of H+ and a decrease in ph,

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basis for development of repiratory acidosis

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an increase in resp rate gives you an increase in

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ph

Front 69

Increase in resp rate the body will

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blow off CO2

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A decrease in CO2 causes a decrease in H+ and an

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increase in PH, this is the basis for resp alkalosis

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the 3rd line of defense in regulatio is

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the kidneys

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kidneys help regulate ph by reabsorbing

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or excreting H+ as needed

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kidneys help regulate

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bicarbonate

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patients in kidney failure are often

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acidotic

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a decrease in plasma PH below 7.35 is

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acidosis

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what are the 2 types of acidosis

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metabolis and respiratory

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respiratory acidosis is caused by any condition that decreases

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the effectiveness of the resp system or causes prolonged hypoventilation

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Hypoventilation increases plasma levels of CO2, excess CO2 forms H+, decreases PH

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and causes acidosis

Front 79

to correct acidosis the buffer system removes some of the excess H+ then the kidneys

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secrete excess. renal comp of resp acidosis

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metabolic acidosis is a decrease in PH caused by

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nonrespiratory conditions

Front 81

Normal range for PaCo2

Back 81

35-45mmhg