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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hominids
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- Appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa
- Humanlike creatures called primates - Mary and Louis Leakey excavated hominid fossils in the Great Rift Valley - "Lucy;" an Australopithecine fossil, found in 1974 - Three major differences from earlier primates: bipedalism (ability to walk upright), a sizable brain (enables abstract thought and fine motor control), and a larynx (allows for complex speech - Thought-processing ability led to alteration of the natural environment to suit human needs |
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Homo Sapiens
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- Earliest variant, the Neanderthal, appeared 100,000 to 250,000 years ago
- More advanced was the Cro-Magnon, appeared 60,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Paleolithic Age - Both used advanced tools, wore clothing, created semipermanent or permanent dwellings, and organized into social groups - Homo sapiens, modern humans, emerged 100,000 to 200,000 years ago |
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Paleolithic Era- Economy
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- Called Old Stone Age (ca. 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago)
- Greatest concerns: steady and plentiful food supply and clothing - Stone and bone tools incuded spears, bows, arrows, fishhooks, harpoons, clay pots - Humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers - Predates agricultural societies |
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Paleolithic Era- Society
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-Social groups: extended families grew into clans, clans mixed with neighboring groups to form tribes with sophisticated organization, including chiefs, leaders, and religious figures
-Organized warfare with weapons: rocks, clubs, knives, spears, axes, and bows and arrows - Worship of deities; religious rituals included sacrifices to gods, goddesses, and spirits - Expression through art and music; examples include cave paintings and flutes - Division of labor assigned by gender: men hunted, women gathered |
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Neolithic Era- Origins
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-Earliest evidence of sedentary agriculture dates to between 10,000 and 8000 BCE
- Called New Stone Age (8000-5000 BCE), the origins of agricultural society - Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops - The earliest method of cultivation was slash-and-burn-agriculture - Earliest agricultural societies appeared in southwestern Asia and spread to India, Europe, and Asia; Mesoamerica and East Asia most likely developed agricultural techniques independently - People settled down and developed complex societies |
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Neolithic Era- Culture
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- Agriculture allowed for a food surplus, which in turn led to an increase in population
- Permanent villages appeared as people turned to farming and away from hunting and gathering - Jericho, in modern-day Isreal, was one of the world's first Neolithic villages - Village life encouraged the development of specialized labor-everyone was no longer dedicated to food production -Early industries developed in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles - Specialized labor encouraged the accumulation of wealth and eventually to the emergence of social classes - Sedentary agricultural societies saw a diminishing of the role and status of women compared with their role and status in hunting and gathering societies |
