Fossil Ridge Science Isotopes, Ideas, Numbers

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Isotope used to define the unified mass unit; found in graphite

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Carbon-12

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Isotope which decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay; measured in radiometric dating

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Carbon-14

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Isotope used in atomic clocks; defines second in SI system

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Cesium-133

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Isotope of hydrogen with a proton and neutron; useful as a moderator; used in fusion; found in seawater

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Deuterium

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Element discovered using atomic spectroscopy; found on the sun; noble gas; used in lasers; produced in nuclear fusion

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Helium-4

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Lightest element; modeled by the Rydberg formula; used in atomic clocks; fused in nuclear fusion; most abundant element

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Hydrogen

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Discovered by Enrico Fermi; used in nuclear weapons; produced in breeder reactors; powered the Fat Man bomb

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Plutonium-239

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Main source of background radiation

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Radon-222

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Part of the uranium-238 decay chain

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Thoirium-234

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Performs as a usable chain reaction; releases three neutrons during each fission; powered the Little Boy bomb

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Uranium-235

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Isotope studied by Marie Curie for its radioactivity; absorbs neutrons without performing fission

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Uranium-238

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The theory that says: Elements are made up of atoms; atoms of the same element are identical; atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided; atoms combine in simple ratios; atoms recombine in chemical reactions

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Dalton's atomic theory

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Discovered by Thomas Young in 1803; the constructive and destructive interference formed by light which passes through two narrow slits

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Double slit interference

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Splitting of heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei to release energy; triggered by collisions

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Nuclear fission

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Two small nuclei collide and form a larger nucleus

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Nuclear fusion

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First observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887; the observation that metals illuminated with ultraviolet light released electrons

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Photoelectric effect

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Model of the atom proposed by J.J. Thomson; featured a sea of electrons suspended in a positively charged sphere

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Plum pudding model

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Spontaneous emission of radiation associated with a transformation from an unstable nucleus to a stable nucleus

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Radioactive decay

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Model of the atom describing electrons in a "cloud" with wave

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Schrodinger model

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Notion that light and matter exhibit properties of both waves and particles; seen in the double slit experiment

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Wave-particle duality

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Radius of an atom's electron cloud in meters; lifespan of a positron in seconds

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10^-10

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Value of the Bohr radius

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0.0529 nm

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Mass of one electron

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0.511 meV

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Natural abundance of uranium-23

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0.7%

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Absolute value of spin quantum numbers

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1/2

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Value of the Rydberg constant

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1.097 (10^7)m^-1

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Energy of an electron accelerated across a 1 volt potential difference in Joules; charge of a proton in Coulombs

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1.6(10^-19)

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Approximate nuclear radius; 1 femtometer

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10^-15

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Approximate energy of a photon

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10^-19 joules

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Ionization energy of hydrogen in eV

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13.6

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Abundance of uranium-235 in nuclear fuel

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3-4%

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Wavelength of visible light

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400-700 nm

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Mass number with maximum stability

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56

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Average background annual dosage

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6.2 mSv

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Value of Planck's constant in Joule-seconds

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Maximum mass number of stable isotopes

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83