Forestry Exam 1

Front 1

forestry

Back 1

the SCIENCE, ART and PRACTICE of managing the natural resources that occur on and in association with forest land for HUMAN BENEFIT.

Front 2

forest

Back 2

a biological community of plants, with trees as the predominant woody vegetation, and animals existing in a complex interaction with the nonliving environment.

*Ecosystem with predominantly woody vegetation.

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Tree

Back 3

woody perennial plant, usually with a single main stem (trunk/bole) and height of 20 ft or more at maturity.

Front 4

forester

Back 4

a resource manager responsible for all the GOODS, BENEFITS and SERVICES obtainable from forest land.

Front 5

Americans use of trees per year:

(In terms of actual trees, not cubic feet)

Back 5

one tree, 100 feet tall and 18" DBH
we consume 675# of paper, and 18 cubic feet lumber & plywood (3x avg world consumption)

Front 6

how many products are made from trees?

Back 6

over 5K

Front 7

wood accounts for _____% of all major materials used.

Back 7

45!!

Front 8

environmental impact of wood use?

Back 8

benign.
carbon neutral.
less global warming potential with respect too all aspects of harvesting and use when compared to other materials.

Front 9

O2 and CO2 circulation for 1 tree/year?

Back 9

removes 26 lbs CO2, Adds 13 lbs O2.

Front 10

other pollutants trees capture?

Back 10

10% of carbon emissions
urban trees capture 711,000 metric tons of pollutants annually.

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forest stand

Back 11

group of trees that can be distinguished from another group by the fact that it has a different SPECIES composition and/or AGE class distribution.

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best quality timber comes from...

Back 12

BUTT log

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Sawtimber

Back 13

softwoods- 9" and up
hardwoods- 11 and up

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poletimber

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softwoods- 5-9 inches DBH
hardwoods- 5-11 inches DBH

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sapling

Back 15

1-5" DBH

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seedling

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up to 1" DBH

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DBH

Back 17

diameter at breast height...4.5 feet above ground (on high side of tree if on a hill)

Front 18

tree key

Back 18

outline with sequence of choices, based on tree features that eventually lead to a particular species

Front 19

# species of gymno and ang?

Back 19

500 gymnosperms
200 monocots, and the rest (majority) are dicots

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appearance of gymnosperms and angiosperms (time)?

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Gym- 400 mill years ago...(ginko later-about 200 mill ago)
Ang-180 mill years ago

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angiosperms

Back 21

Enclosed seeds
flat, broad leaves
generally Deciduous
aka: broadleaf, deciduous, hardwoods

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gymnosperms

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naked seeds
needle or scale like leaves
generally evergreen (ExP tamarack)
aka: evergreen, softwoods, conifers

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classification scheme invented by....

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LINNAEUS!! 1753

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common vs. scientific names?

Back 24

common varies by spoken language, but there is essentially ONE per plant (WW).

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# of species of trees in WI...MN?

Back 25

~ 55 in WI and 52 in MN

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# of species of trees in US?

Back 26

~865 native
(16 times what is in WI...WI- 55)

Front 27

species of trees in world (#)

Back 27

30k to 100 K

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dendrology

Back 28

classification and ID of trees

Front 29

what kind of tree was mainly harvested during expoitation?

Back 29

White pine (light...floats)

Front 30

certification

Back 30

verification by a 3rd party that sustainability requirements are met.

Front 31

% of harvested wood which is private?

Back 31

70

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growth/ harvest in WI?

Back 32

we grow 1/3 more than we harvest in WI

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1990 to present

Back 33

sust. Forestry and ecosystem management period

Front 34

Sustainable Forestry

Back 34

managing dynamic forest ecosystems for ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL and CULTURAL benefits for present and future generations

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Native American Period in Forest history

Back 35

13.5K+ yrs ago to 1607
Much undisturbed, but Indians did set fires for buffalo habitat.
1607 was 1st successful European colony.

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oldest living organism?

Back 36

"Methuselah" Bristle cone pine

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Most massive organisms?

Back 37

1)Honey Mushroom in Oregon
2) "Pando" Aspen clone
3) "General Sherman" Giant Sequoia

Front 38

tallest living organism?

Back 38

Coastal Redwood
"Hyperion"

Front 39

plant __ trees a year to be carbon neutral.

Back 39

7

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Pure stand

Back 40

at least 80% composed of 1 species
(so it is managed for that 1 species)

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mixed stand

Back 41

composed of 2 or more predominant species

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Even aged stand

Back 42

a stand of trees composed of a single age class

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2- aged stand

Back 43

a stand of trees with 2 distinct age classes

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uneven aged stand

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a stand with trees of 3 or more distinct age classes

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all-aged stand

Back 45

a stand of trees composed of all, or almost all age classes.

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stocking

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measure of how well trees OCCUPY an area, relative to a pre-established standard.

Expressed at % of area covered by tree crowns.

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under-stocked

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less that 60% tree cover

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Fully stocked

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60%-100% tree cover, allowing maximum growth per acre.

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over stocked

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greater than 100% tree cover

Front 50

Basal area

Back 50

cross sectional area at DBH
usually applied in terms of average basal area per acre

Front 51

% of the world's land that is forested?
# acres?

Back 51

31%
about 10 billion acres

Front 52

Forest land

Back 52

Land at least 10% stocked by forest trees, including land that naturally had such tree cover that will naturally or artificially regenerate.

Front 53

Change in world forest cover in the last 10 K years?

Back 53

1/3 less

Front 54

Deforestation

Back 54

the conversion of forest land to a non-forest use.

(usually due to agriculture)

Front 55

world deforestation each year?
% of all forests/yr
# acres/yr

Back 55

.3%
(primarily tropical)

32 million acres/year
(which is less than in 1990's 39.5 mill)

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% of world forest publicly owned?

Back 56

85%

Front 57

% primary, naturally regenerated, planted.

Back 57

36% primary
57% naturally regen.
7% planted

Front 58

value of forest industry and # of people employed world wide.

Back 58

(Almost a half TRILLION)
$468 Billion
13.7 million employees
(compared to WI pop which is 5.5 million)

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world forests...
hardwood vs. coniferous

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1/3 coniferous
2/3 hardwood

Front 60

4 main kinds of forests worldwide:

Back 60

tropical 52%
boreal 25%
temperate 13%
subtropical 9%

Front 61

3 main types of wood products and rough %'s.

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Wood fuel 48% (used by 40% of world pop, & 10% of energy supply)
Industrial Roundwood (logs) 43%
paper & paperboard 9%

Front 62

4 Most Forested countries

Back 62

These account for about HALF!

1. Russia 22%
2. Brazil 16%
3. Canada 7%
4. US 6%

Front 63

Tropical deforestation
(% of deforestation & # acres)

Back 63

accounts for 95% of world deforestation.
about 32 million acres/ year

.8% of trop. forests/year, 61 acres/MINUTE.

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US Lacey Act

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makes it a federal crime to trade in illegally harvested wood products.
Est. in 1900, but enforcement began April 1 2010!
Importers must declare scientific name and country of harvest for ANY plant component of a product.

Front 65

TROPICAL forest benefits:
(not just rain forests)

Back 65

- Habitat for 50-75% of the world's wildlife species!
-protects fragile soils
-maintains hydrologic cycle
-wood products
-CO2 sequestration
-Eco-tourism

Front 66

What have they used to jump-start restoration of tropical habitat?

Back 66

legume trees :)

Front 67

US forest....% land area and # acres?

Back 67

33%
751 mill acres
(So total USA acreage is about 2 billion acres)

Front 68

US forest compared to 1630?

Back 68

72% remains

3-5% has never been cut (virgin)
8% of that was planted

Front 69

% (US forests) lost each year to damage?
Net growth?

Back 69

23% lost to insects, disease, fire, etc.
58% of net growth is harvested.
We have grown MORE than we harvest since the 50's.

Front 70

2 main causes of US deforestation?

Back 70

through human history: Agricultural Expansion

Currently:
Urban sprawl

Front 71

Forest Industry numbers in USA....sales, employment?

Back 71

about 200 Billion in sales
1.3 million- 1.1 million employed

Front 72

Cubic feet of wood in US:
consumed?
removed?
net growth?

Back 72

21 billion consumed
15.5 billion removed (remainder imported)
26.7 net growth

Front 73

% of timberland cut/year?
(and how is it cut?)

Back 73

2.1%

39% clearcut and 61% partial cut

Front 74

percent of land that is urban, and how much of that is covered by trees?

Back 74

3.5 % urban and 27.1 is covered by trees.

Front 75

timber land

Back 75

forest land that is capable of producing more than 20 cubic feet of industrial wood per acre per year that is not withdrawn from timber utilization by statute or administrative regulation

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Reserve forest land

Back 76

Forest land that would otherwise be classified as timberland, except that it is withdrawn from utilization by statute or administrative regulation

Front 77

other forest land?

Back 77

forest land that is not timberland or forest reserve land

Front 78

Which US regions account for the majority of timberland?

Back 78

The north and south account for 71%

Front 79

What US regions account for the majority of Reserve forest land and other forest land?

Back 79

Rocky Mtns and Pacific coast account for 88% of ttl reserve, and 94% of other forest land.

Front 80

13.5 K before present -1607

Back 80

Native american period

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1607-1783

Back 81

Colonial Period

Front 82

1783-1890

Back 82

Westward expansion ans Resource exploitation

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1890-1960

Back 83

Resource acquisition and scientific management period

(stopped land give aways and Teddy. Roos used sec 24 to create natnl. parks)
-US forest service est in 1905

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1960-1990

Back 84

Multiple use and Environmental protection period