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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of a tree?
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a woody perennial
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Trees have a ---- -----, which means it has layers of tissue.
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vascular cambium
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what is the definition of a forest?
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an ecosystem dominated by trees; a set of communities and their physical environment.
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1 hector is equal to how many acres?
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2.5
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what is crown cover?
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basically the canopy
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Why is there variation in definitions of forests among national groups?
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political and monetary motives
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what is biomass?
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the weight of wood
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what is biomass directly related to?
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climate
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what is vegetation?
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the structure of a forest
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what is vegetation directly related to?
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climate
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what is flora?
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the list of species in a forest
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what is flora directly related to?
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evolution
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what percent of the earth is forest?
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25
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what does NNP stand for and what does it represent?
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Net Primary Productivity; photosynthesis
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Forests exist at the --- of man.
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pleasure
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What are the eight values of forests?
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aesthetics, cultural, ecological, inspirational, moral, recreational, spiritual, and utilitarian.
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When considering values of forests, what do aesthetics mean?
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national parks and landscapes
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When considering values of forests, what does cultural mean?
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pride and heritage, national symbols
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When considering values of forests, what does ecological mean?
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protecting and supporting forest ecosystems
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When considering values of forests, what does inspirational mean?
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psychological benefits, writings, and photos
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When considering values of forests, what does moral mean?
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the right of all living things to exist; intrinsic rights
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When considering values of forests, what does recreational mean?
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tourism and enjoyment
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When considering values of forests, what does spiritual mean?
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some societies have gods and stuff like that
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When considering values of forests, what does utilitarian mean?
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market value for production; medicine.
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what is a stand?
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the trees only in an ecosystem
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what is a gymnosperm?
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'nake seeds', not enclosed in an ovary
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which trees are gymnosperms?
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coniferous
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what is an angiosperm?
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seeds with an ovary
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which trees are angiosperms?
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deciduous
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what is dendritic?
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a common pattern found in tree branches
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what is succession?
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one ecosystem gradually becomes another.
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what are the two main determinants of vegetation?
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rainfall and temperature
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what are the two main reasons that deserts exist on the lines of 30 degrees latitude?
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jetstreams and the earth's rotation
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what are four local determinants of forests at a local level?
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climate, soil, human disturbance, and rainfall
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an increase in elevation results in the similar changes in forest vegetation as would increasing ----.
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latitude
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what is a rain shadow?
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the loss of rain in the atmosphere due to mountains and other land masses
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when considering U.S. forests, what are the forests in the lake states and new england like?
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abandoned agriculture; maples, beech, and hemlock.
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when considering U.S. forests, what are the forests in the south east like?
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cotton fields returned to forests;
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when considering U.S. forests, what are the forests in the south like?
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pine forests, shaped by fire, often arise from human disturbances
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when considering U.S. forests, what are the forests in the west like?
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reserved lands, the rockies
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what percent of land in nevada is federally owned?
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98
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when considering U.S. forests, what are the forests in the pacific like?
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redwoods and sequoias; old growth
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what is the order of successive forest development following a fire?
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ground plants, shrubs, shade intolerant trees, shade tolerant trees
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what is the difference between shade in/tolerant trees?
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shade in- grow quickly and disperse easily
shade tol- slow growing and long lived |
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what are the two main factors that SHAPE forests?
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disturbance and succession
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What are the three determinants of ecosystem diversity?
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1. abundance of resources
2. disturbances that trigger succession 3. prevention of species dominance due to natural cycles |
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when considering different biomes, what is the tundra like?
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permafrost layer, moss and lichens, caribou and migrating birds
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when considering different biomes, what is the taiga like?
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coniferous (spruce and firs), lakes, bogs, and marshes, low productivity
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when considering different biomes, what is the temperate deciduous forest like?
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hardwoods (beech, maple, oak, hickory), deciduous (shed leaves in autumn), large stands of single species
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when considering different biomes, what is the scrub forest like?
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trees, shrubs, and grasses (oaks), california and austrailia, now thickets and vineyards
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when considering different biomes, what is the grassland like?
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perennial grasses/herbs, fires create good soil
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when considering different biomes, what is the desert like?
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cacti, fast growing plants for during rain
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when considering different biomes, what is the tropical rainforest like?
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dense trees/vines, evergreens, high net productivity
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when considering different biomes, what is the temperate rainforest like?
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high rainfall, temperate climate
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what is carbon sequestration?
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major environmental service attempting to store CO2
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In greek mythology, who is the goddess of wild places?
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artemis
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Historically, European forests waxed and waned with --.
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human population
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Historically, what happened to the forests in the mediterranian?
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the greeks and romans cleared it for agriculture and grazing
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In medieval times, what three categories changed to shape the time's understanding of forests?
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ideology, demography, and technology
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What drove the 'Age of European Clearing?
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the church; it gave it wealth and power and also eliminated paganism
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In medieval times, what did the commoners have access to?
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pasture, dead wood, turf (peat), and nuts/berries
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What are four things forests were used for in developing europe?
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mine timbers, smithing, smelting, glass blowing
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Who in medieval times first began protecting forests?
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nobility and kings
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Monestaries were known for deforestation. What put an end to it?
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Henry 8 reforming the church of England, turning monestaries to crown land
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what disease in medieval times allowed forests to recover?
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black death
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why were forests so important to england?
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navy
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which country was king fredrick from who planted the oak fleet forest?
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denmark
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Pertaining to american settlement, what was redemption?
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civilizing savage lands, making a new eden, and providing civilized law (no place for convicts to hide)
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Pertaining to american settlement, what was progress?
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independence, domestication, and the idea of manifest destiny;that it was their duty to god.
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Pertaining to american settlement, what was patriotism?
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american hertitage and folklore (paul bunyan)
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Pertaining to american settlement, what was romanticism?
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taking the wilderness as a source of awe, calling it 'god's creation'
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what is policy?
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a course of action to achieve some goal usually for the public good
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every policy has --- to achieve conservation objectives.
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interest groups
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what are five things that policies acheive for conservation?
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biological/physical feasability, economic efficiency, economic equality, cultural acceptability, and practicality
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What happened in the era of abunance?
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inexhaustible resources, ruled by the crown
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what happened in the era of exploitation?
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the american revolution enabled the average man to develop land for basically no cost
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What happened in the era of reservation?
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closing of the frontier, national parks and forests established
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What happened in the era of custodial management?
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a fear of 'timber famine' swept the country; forests became used as a social tool, such as for political power and war propaganda
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What happened in the era of intensive management?
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national forests were acquired for multiple and sustainable yields with the help of new technology
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What happened in the era of multiple use?
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public demand and political reasons drove use of the forests
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What happened in the era of ecosystem management?
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the wilderness act applied single use to forests, alaska increased forest land 10x
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what is a key goal in forest management today?
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diversity
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what city contributed to logging in wisconsin?
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chicago
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what time of the year did logging usually occur in WI?
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winter
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what enabled complete forestation/clearing in WI?
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trains
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what was really the primary reason for the establishment of the forestry dept. in WI?
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fires during the cutover
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what did the Weeks Act of 1911 do?
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allowed state and federal govt. to buy and create forestland
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Is forest succession natural?
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yes
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WI is ranked -- for forest employees
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2nd
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what order do trees allocate energy in space? foliage,canopy/stem, wood, roots.
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foliage, roots, canopy/stem, wood
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what order do trees allocate energy in time?foliage, wood, shoots/roots.
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shoots/roots, foliage, wood
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what is the optimal temperature range for photosynthesis?
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15-30 celcius
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LAYERS =
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PRODUCTIVITY
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what is leaf area index?
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the area of foliage surface relative to the ground surface
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what is different in the productivity in the understory that the canopy?
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lower growth rates and CO2 compensation points
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Leaf area index is proportional to --- and ---.
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biomass and productivity
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water loss is greater in the day or at night?
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day
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when do trees take up water?
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night
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what two things essentially determine the size of trees?
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gravity and water
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height =
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diameter^2/3
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what is the theoretical maximum often called in a tree?
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bucking height
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what are the two main components in wood?
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cellulose and lignin
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what tree part produces wood?
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vascular cambium
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what plug the vessels in some woods such as white oak?
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tyloses
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-- wood allows the wood to react to stress.
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reaction
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compression occurs in conifers/hardwoods.
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conifers
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tension occurs in conifers/hardwoods
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hardwoods
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what is succession?
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creating a mosaic of forest over time
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who said that succession is dynamic?
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cowles
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who said that succession is fixed?
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clements
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what is primary succession?
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succession that follows a geological shift
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what is secondary succession?
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succession that follows a local disturbance
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what is a pioneer species?
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a quick growing, successful invader
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what is a late species?
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a species conditioned to success over time by replacing pioneer land
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the rate of succession is proportional to the degree of ---.
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disturbance
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what is subclimax?
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frequent disturbances don't allow late forests to move in
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what is an example of cyclical climax?
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balsam fir
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What is dendrochronology?
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Using tree data to record time
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Where does dendrochronology work best?
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in dry areas with long-lived trees
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what is cross dating?
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overlapping sequences of tree rings to total the years in dendrochronology
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