Forensics- Ch. 8 Toxicology

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toxicology

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The study of poisons

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forensic toxicology

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the science of detecting and identifying drugs and poisons a person may have used for medicinal, recreational, or criminal purposes

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ingestion

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When toxins enter through the gastrointestinal system

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inhalation

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When toxins enter through the lungs

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injection

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When toxins enter through the bloodstream

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absorption

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When toxins enter through the skin

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intentional

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Type of exposure when someone exposes themselves or someone else to a toxin in order to treat an illness or relieve pain

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accidental

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Type of exposure when someone unknowingly exposes themselves or someone else to a harmful dose or combination of toxins

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deliberate

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Type of exposure when someone exposes themselves or someone else to a toxin as a suicide attempt or to inflict harm or death upon others

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dosage

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Refers to how much of a drug is taken

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duration

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Refers to the frequency and length of exposure to a drug

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toxicity

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The extent to which a substance is poisonous; this is affected by dosage, duration, method of exposure, and interactions with other substances

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Socrates

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Greek Philosopher; one of the first victims of poisoning 399BC

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arsenic

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An odorless, tasteless poison commonly used for poisonings in the 17th through 19th centuries; the major ingredient in rat poison

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cyanide

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Toxin with a bitter almond smell

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smoke inhalation

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A common source of cyanide poisoning

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Marsh

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This test was the first use of toxicology in a jury trial

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Orfila

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Scientist (last name) known as the Father of Forensic Toxicology

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acute

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Type of poisoning involving high doses over short time periods

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chronic

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Type of poisoning involving lower doses over long periods

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illegal

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Term for drugs with no current accepted medical use in the United States

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controlled substances

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Legal drugs whose sale, possession, and use are restricted because of the mind-altering effect of the drugs and the potential for abuse

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V

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This schedule number (Roman Numeral) contains drugs with low potential abuse, medical use, and the lowest potential for dependency

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II

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This schedule number (Roman Numeral) contains drugs with high potential for abuse and addiction but have some medical value with restrictions

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I

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This schedule number (Roman Numeral) contains drugs with high potential for abuse and addiction, NO medical value

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IV

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This schedule number (Roman Numeral) contains drugs with low potential for abuse and addiction, currently acceptable for medical use

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III

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This schedule number (Roman Numeral) contains drugs with less potential for abuse and addiction, currently acceptable for medical use

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hallucinogens

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"Psychedelic drugs"; influence the user's perceptions, thinking, self-awareness, and emotions. These include ecstasy, mescaline, LSD, and PCP.

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ecstasy

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Also known as MDMA, this hallucinogen causes increased heart rate and blood pressure, panic attacks, and other side effects

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narcotics

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Group of drugs which act to reduce pain by suppressing the central nervous system's ability to relay pain messages to the brain; these include opium, heroin, methadone, oxycodone

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tolerance

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A condition in which higher doses of a drug are required to produce the same effect as initial drug use

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withdrawal

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A collection of symptoms a person goes through when they stop taking a drug that their body has become addicted to

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opium

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Most narcotics are derived from this poppy

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stimulants

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This group of drugs increase feelings of well-being, energy, and alertness while suppressing appetite; these include nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, methamphetamines

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anabolic steroids

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This group of drugs promote cell and tissue growth and are frequently used illegally to increase bone mass and body muscle; these include testosterone

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depressants

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This group of drugs is often used to relieve anxiety and produce sleep; ; these include Barbituates and Benzodiazepines, such as valium, Xanax, and Rohypnol

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rohypnol

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This depressant is commonly known as the "date rape drug"

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liver

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Alcohol is oxidized by and can damage this organ

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botulism

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The most poisonous biological substance known to humans; this bacterial toxin can be found in contaminated food such as canned vegetables, cured pork and ham, smoked or raw fish, honey, and corn syrup

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tetanus

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A deadly nervous system disease caused by bacteria that produces violent muscle spasms; responsible for 1 million deaths per year worldwide, but only 5 deaths per year in U.S. because of vaccinations against it

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heavymetal

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Arsenic, lead, and mercury are all examples of this type of poison

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carbon monoxide

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A toxic gas released by car exhaust

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ricin

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A Bioterrorism agent lethal in humans in very small quantities; enters the cells of the body and prevents them from making necessary proteins, causing cell death

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anthrax

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Bioterrism agent placed in letters on 9/11 that killed 5and became one of the worst biological attacks in U.S. history; caused by a bacterium that forms spores and spreads to humans from infected animals

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presumptive

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Term for drug screening tests that help narrow down the type of drug present so that more specific tests can be done later.

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metabolite

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A specific product of a drug, formed by the chemical processes in the body that break down the drug

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autopsy

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Post-mortem examination of a corpse to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any toxins, diseases, or injuries that may be present.