Forensics: 2Nd Semester

Front 1

Platelets

Back 1

Aid in blood clotting and repair of damaged blood vessels

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Antigen

Back 2

Stimulates body to make antibodies; ones found in plasma of RBCs' membrane account for blood type

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Antibodies

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Substance that reacts with antigens

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Type A (Name antigen, antibody, can give to, and can get from)

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Antigen: A
Antibody: B
Can Give: A, AB
Can Get: O, A

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Type B (Name antigen, antibody, can give to, and can get from)

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Antigen: B
Antibody: A
Can Give: B, AB
Can Get: O, B

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Type AB (Name antigen, antibody, can give to, and can get from)

Back 6

Antigen: A, B
Antibody: None
Can Give: AB
Can Get: A, B, O, or AB

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Type O (Name antigen, antibody, can give to, and can get from)

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Antigen: None
Antibody: A, B
Can Give: A, B, O, AB
Get Get: O

Front 8

Kastle-Meyer Color Test

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Mixture of phenophalein and hydrogen peroxide; hemoglobin will cause deep pink color if blood is present

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Hematest Tablet

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Reacts with heme in blood, causing blue/green color

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Luminol Test

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Reaction with blood produces light

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Precipitin Test

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Blood injected into rabbits. Antibodies form, then blood is extracted as an antiserum, which is placed on a blood sample. Sample reacts with human proteins if blood is human.

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Animal Blood

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Has larger nuclei

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Balthazard

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First to interpret bloodstains in 1939

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Passive (Bloodstain Pattern)

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No movement, drip

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Arterial Gushes (Bloodstain Pattern)

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Waves in a pattern that decreases in height until gone

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Splashes

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Active blood

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Low Velocity Spatter

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3 mm or greater; Dripping blood

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Medium Velocity Spatter

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Less than 3 mm; Blunt trauma or sharp trauma castoff

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High Velocity Spatter

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Less than 1 mm; Gunshot, power tools, object striking with extreme velocity, or explosion

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Angel of Impact

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Drop elongates as angle decreases

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Backspatter

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Blood directed back toward source

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Swipe

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Blood transferred by object swiping against an object without blood on it

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Transfer

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Object/weapon is recognizable

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Wipe

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Non-blood bearing object moves through wet bloodstain

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(Blood Spatter) The harder the surface, the _______ that blood will break apart

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less

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Secretors

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80% of population; secrete blood type antigens with body fluids

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Steps of Kastle-Meyer Test

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1. Swipe bloodstain with cotton swab
2. Add de-ionized water to the swab
3. Add ethyl alcohol to the swab
4. Add phenophalein to the swab
5. Add hydrogen peroxide to the swab -- if blood is present, then the peroxidases of the heme will decompose the hydrogen peroxide and PINK COLOR will result.

Front 28

Dr. Bernard Fantus

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Established the Blood Bank in 1937

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How many liters of blood does the adult human body contain?

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5.5 liters

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Phases

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Layers that are created over old blood

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Lattes

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Discovered how to determine the blood type of a dried bloodstain

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Serum

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Liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed

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Antiserum

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Blood serum with specific antibodies

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Hemoglobin

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RBC protein responsible for red color and transporting oxygen

Front 35

Precipitin

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Antibody that reacts with its corresponding antigen to form a precipitate

Front 36

How to calculate Angle of Impact

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Sin of impact angle = width/length

Front 37

What is plasma comprised of?

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90% water and 10% metabolites

Front 38

Ways to prevent Check Forgery

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1. Use chemically sensitive paper
2. Use a large font
3. Use high-resolution borders
4. use multiple colors on backgrounds
5. Embed glowing fibers
6. Use chemical wash detection systems

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Dormand David

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Forged Declaration of Independence

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Mark Hofmann

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Forged Mormon and Freemason documents

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Konrad Kujau

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Forged Hitler's diaries

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Chromatography

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Physically separating components of ink; separates components by weight

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Simulated Forgery

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Copying genuine signature

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Traced Forgery

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Tracing genuine signature

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Blind Forgery

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Made without a model of genuine signature

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Fraudulance

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Forgery done for material gain

Front 47

Features in new dollar bills

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1. Portrait stands out
2. Red and blue fibers woven in
3. Clear, distinct border
4. Treasury seal has clear, sharp points
5. Watermark appears under light
6. Security thread
7. Copper/green number in lower right corner

Front 48

FISH

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Computerized handwriting database

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Frank W. Abagnale

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Reformed forger, "Catch Me if You Can"

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Lloyd Cunningham

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Leading handwriting expert on the Zodiac Killer; Secret Service's first document examiner

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Pathologist

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Determines time of death; most accurate in first 24 hours

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Manners of Death

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1. Natural
2. Accidental
3. Suicidal
4. Homicidal
5. Undetermined

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Mechanism of Death

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Specific change in body that causes cessation of life

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Livor mortis

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Color of death; blue-purple as blood cells break down

Permanent after 8 hours

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Lividity

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Pattern that indicates position after death; fixed 10-15 hours after death

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Rigor mortis

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Rigidity of death; skeletal muscles do not relax and calcium accumulates without oxygen

Starts in head down to feet

Lasts 15 hours before softening

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When is Rigor mortis most pronounced?

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12 hours after death

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Rigor mortis: Cold temperature

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Inhibits

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Rigor mortis: Warm temperature

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Accelerates

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Rigor mortis: Aerobic exercise

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Accelerates

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Rigor mortis: Sleep

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Slows

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Rigor mortis: Obesity

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Slows

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Rigor mortis: Thin

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Accelerates

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Algor mortis

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Chill of death; thermometer in liver or rectum; loses heat 1-1.5 degrees per second

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Algor mortis: Cold

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Faster

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Algor mortis: Windy

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Faster

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Algor mortis: Body fat

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Slow

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Algor mortis: Heavy clothing

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Slow

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Glaister Equation

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Used to calculate Algor mortis

98.4-internal temperature/1.5-hours elapsed since death

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Autolysis

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Spontaneous breakdown of cells as they self-digest

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ADH

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Accumulated Degree Hours; an insect-collecting process used to provide TOD

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Back skull suture

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Closed by age 30

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Back-to-front suture

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Closed by age 32

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Side-to-side suture

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Closed by age 50

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Caucasoid

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European, Middle Eastern, and Indian

- Long, narrow nose
- Triangular palate
- Narrow eyebrow arches
- Narrow jaw

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Negroid

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African, Aborigine, and Melanesian

- Wide nose
- Rectangular palate
- Square eye orbits

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Mongoloid

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Asian, Native American, and Polynesian

- Round nose
- Round palate
- Round eye orbits
- Wide eyebrow arches
- Pointed jaw

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Blood vessels (Function in relation to bones)

Back 78

Keep bones moist

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Skeletal Trauma Analysis

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The investigation of bones and the marks on them to uncover a potential cause of death

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Occipital Protuberance

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Bony knob on male skull that attaches to muscles and tendons in the neck

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Pubic Symphysis

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A cartilaginous area where pubic bones meet

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Prognathism

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Projection of the upper jaw above the lower jaw