Forensic Serology: Forsci

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It is the detection, collection and analysis of biological material

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Forensic Serology

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It is the term that describe broad scope of laboratory test and use specific antigen and antibody reactions.

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Serology

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It can be established by testing the blood of anti-a and anti-b on RBC

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4 ABO blood groups

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The possibility that a specific bodily fluid is present. e.g phenolphthalein and luminol

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Presumptive test

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Identify the biological material. e.g takayama and teichman

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Confirmatory test

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Separates the 4 classification of blood groups and it is the standard in forensic laboratory especially paternity case

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ABO blood typing

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Basic principle of Serology

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For every antigen, there exists a specific antibody

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Components of blood:

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Red blood cells

White blood cells

Plasma

Platelets

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Hemoglobin for oxygen

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Erythrocytes (RBC)

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For immune system

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Leukocytes (WBC)

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For blood clotting

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Thrombocytes (platelets)

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It is attached to RBC that will determine your blood type. They produce antibodies and it can provoke an immune response.

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Antigen (foreign material)

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Proteins that bind to the antigen and remove them from the bloodstream.

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Antibodies

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Blood may also contain any of these

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HIV antibodies, syphilis and cholesterol

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Discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901

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A-B-O system

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It started in 1937

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Antigen/Antibody system

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Chromosome #9 contains

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Antigen

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30 blood antigen systems have been identified over

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600 individual antibodies

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O blood type percentage

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43-45%

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A blood type

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40-42%

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B blood type

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10-12%

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AB blood type

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3-5%

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Universal donor

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Type O

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Universal recipient

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Type AB

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A person with Type A, B, AB, O has antigens with:

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Type A - A

Type B - B

Type AB - AB

Type O - neither

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A person with Type A, B, AB, O has antibodies with:

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Type A - Anti-b

Type B - Anti-a

Type AB - Neither

Type O - both anti-a and anti-b

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Concerns of Forensic Serologist:

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1. Is the sample blood?

2. Is the sample human blood?

3. If human blood, what type?

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2 tests that determine if it's blood

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Phenolphthalein test and Luminol test

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Phenolphthalein solution + H202 (Hemoglobin) = PINK

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phenolphthalein test

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If blood is present, luminescent glow will show in the area of blood (in a dark room as possible) It can detect bloodstains diluted up to 10,000 times.

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Luminol test

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A device called anti-human serum will be placed on a bloodstain. If it clots, it is a human.

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Precipitin test

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It is complex organic compounds found in all living cells except mamallian RBC

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Nucleic acids

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2 kinds of nucleic acids

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1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

-nuclear DNA (nDNA) and a polymer found in nucleus.

2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

-found in cytoplasm

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A large molecule made by series of repeating units of monomers

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Polymers

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In the case of DNA, the repeating units are

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Nucleotides

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Nucleotides are composed of

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Phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base

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it is the blueprint of life and polymer of nucleotides

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DNA

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A nitrogen containing molecule

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Base

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Types of bases associated with DNA

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Adenine (A)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Thymine (T) - in DNA only

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Found in RNA

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Uracil

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They are purines

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A and G

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They are pyrimidines

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C and T

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Chargaff Rule/Complementary Base Pairing

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A = T

G = C

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Its major function is to direct and control protein synthesis

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DNA

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DNA analysis process:

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1. Proper collection, preservation, tagging, marking and packaging of biological evidence subjected to DNA testing

2. DNA extraction and quantitation

3. DNA amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

4. DNA Sequencing

5. DNA profile interpretation

6. DNA report writing

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First use of DNA

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conviction of Colin Pitchfork in 1987

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First DNA testing

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Performed by Sir Alec John Jeffrey at University of Leicester

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It is the combined dna index system and the FBI database of DNA for felons

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CODIS

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When sample matches unknown suspect to existing file in the database

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Cold hit

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Who discovered A-B-O system?

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Karl Landsteiner

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Responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information in all living organisms.

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DNA and RNA