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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathology
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the study of disease in humans
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Forensic pathology
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the study of disease and trauma (wounds and damage)
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Autopsy
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the standardized dissection of a corpse to determine the cause and manner of death
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Trauma
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when the force applied to a tissue, such as skin or bone, exceeds mechanical or tensile strength of that tissue; can be described as resulting from sharp or blunt force
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Cause of death
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primary and secondary - primary being a three-link casual chain that explains the cessation of life strating with the most recent condition and going backward in time
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Manner of death
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the way in which the causes of death came to be; homicide, suicide, accidental, natural
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Rigor mortis
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the stiffening of body after death due to membranes of muscle cells becoming more permeable to calcium ions; onset beings two to six hours after death and remains for two to three days and then diminishes in reverse order
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Post mortem levity
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the settling of blood due to gravity after the heart no longer circulates it through the body; purplish discoloration in the skin; sets in an hour after death and peaks in about three-four hours; blood settles and once coagulated doesn't move; cannot be applied to poison deaths
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Petechiae
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pinpoint hermorhages found around the eyes, the lining of the mouth and throat, as well as other areas, often seen in hanging or strangulation victims
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Decomposition
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the body's chemical process of decaying after death; sequential pattern
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Internal and exterior examination
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autopsy - external (GSW, cuts, rigor mortis, livor mortis, petitichae, etc.)
autopsy - internal (Dissection Virchow method:removal, wgt, sectioning, documentation Histology Pre-death and post-death activity) |
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Discuss and describe the following types of trauma:
a. Mechanical b. Thermal c. Chemical d. Electrical |
Mechanical:
Force applied to tissue Sharp or blunt force Chemical: external & internal Thermal: hypothermia or hyperthermia Electrical: Ventricular fibrillation Defibrillation; tetany-burns & cell damage |
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Discuss and describe the determination of post-morteum interval using sequential decomposition and what internal and exterior changes are used for evaluation.
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Sequential decomposition
“post mortem clock” Phenomena evaluated: External changes: temp,livor,rigor “algor mortis” Internal changes: tissues & fluids stomach content digestion eyes-clouding or film formation decomposition: autolysis or putrefaction |
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Anthropology
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study of humans, cultures, & biology
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Forensic anthropology
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application of the study of humans to situations of modern legal or public concern
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Endochondral & intramembranous bone growth
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endochondral bone growth starts with a "model" of a bone consisting of cartilage and centers of ossification
intramembranous bone growth is when the ossification occurs within a membrane (many bones of the skull) |
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Diaphysis
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Shaft of a bone
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Epiphyses
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Ends of a bone
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Epiphyseal Union
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cellular growth of a skeletal bone determines age
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Describe the human skeletal bone structure and its purposes.
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206 bones; Paired or grouped; Actively growing: a tissue and a structure
Functions: Support Motion Protection Growth |
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Describe excavations of skeletal remains
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Crime scene: search-K-9s, probes; Archaeological digs; Datum point,
Layers w/screening |
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Describe the three steps of skeletal analysis.
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Is it bone?
Is it animal or human? Biological Profile- Sex or Gender Age Racial affinity Height |
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Identify, describe, and utilize the components of the biological profile of skeletal remains.
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Gender: Post puberty; Males 20% larger; Pelvis; Cranium; Post-cranium
Age: Huge variations-not precise; Epiphysis fusion by 28 y.o.a.; Other structures: Pubic symphysis, Sacrum-sacroilliac point, Rib cartilage, Bone rework & remodeling amts |
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Discuss the identification of skeletal remains using odontological methods.
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Ancestry: Quantitative with skull
Stature: Length of long bones; Sex and ancestry Facial Reproductions: Artsy; Stir recognition |
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Discuss the forensic examination of suspected bloodstains:
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Forensic Process Steps:
Recognition - Where is it? Obvious and not so obvious; everywhere Collection -Wet….let it dry. Turn in the whole item. Absorb it. Packaging - Non-airtight containers |
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Identification of serology
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Presumptive Tests: On scene….Exclusionary….False positives; Sensitivity
Confirmatory Tests Blood and only blood..Microcrystal tests |
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Individualization of serology
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Human or not human
Species Origin Precipitin tests Immunological rxn Source of blood Genetic markers DNA Genetic markers ABO, Rh factors, MN, Kell, Duffy, etc.; Isoenzymes; PGM, EsD, EAP, ACP, etc. |
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Discuss the forensic laboratory examination of semen samples; Including presumptive tests, microscopic tests, p30, and individualization techniques.
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Spermatozoa: Male reproductive cell
10% of total ejaculate <50 x 106 cells/ml Seminal Plasma: Fluid portion of ejaculate; Secretions from vesicles, prostate gland, & other structures; Fluorescence due to flavins Chemicals present: Acid phosphatase, Phosphorylcholine, Spermine Persumptive tests: Qualitative; presumptive; & simple UV & ALS Chemical Tests for Spermine (Barberio Test) Choline (Florence Test) Acid Phosphatase Microscopic tests: Observation of spermatozoa Factors Microscopy-stained and unstained ABCards Azoospermic samples Male Specific Antigen p30 Testing methodology |
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Discuss the forensic examination of saliva and urine samples.
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Saliva: Amylase Presence; Starch & Iodine; Phadebas Reagent
Urine: Odor; Creatinine (Jaffe’s Reaction); Urea |
