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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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criminalistics
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the examination of physical evidence
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evidence
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anything that tends to establish or disprove a fact
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ballistics
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the science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms
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odontology
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examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses
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pathology
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investigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent deaths
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entomology
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the study of insects
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palynology
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the study of pollen and spores
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polygraph
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the use of the lie detector
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statutory law
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legislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something
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common law
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the body of law made up of judicial opinions and precedents
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stare decisis
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previous legal decisions are to be followed
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civil law
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law that deals with noncriminal suits brought to protect or preserve a civil or private right or matter
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criminal law
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regulation and enforcement of rights, setting the acceptable limits of conduct in society
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misdemeanor
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a minor crime
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probable cause
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situation in which a reasonable and prudent person, viewing the available information, would conclude that a crime has been committed and that the suspect committed it
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violation
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a breach of a right, duty or law
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infraction
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violation of a rule or law that is not punishable by prison
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elements
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in criminal law, the specific facts or parts of a crime
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booking
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a police procedure following arrest that records basic info about the suspect and a photo and fingerprints
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Miranda rights
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rights guaranteed by the Constitution that police must tell arrestees about, especially the right to remain silent and to an attorney
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arraignment
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the first act in a criminal proceeding, where the defendant is brought before the court to hear charges and enter a plea
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bail
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money put up to guarantee that the defendant will appear in court as directed
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nolo contendere
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when a defendant neither admits nor denies a crime but accepts the punishment
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preliminary hearing
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a hearing before a magistrate to determine whether a person charge with a crime should be held for trial
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grand jury
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a group of people sworn to inquire into a crime and make indictments
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indict
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to formally accuse a person of crime
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plea bargaining
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an agreement in which a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor in return drops more serious charges
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probative
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relevant and significant
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hearsay
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testimony given by a witness who relates not what he or she heard, saw, or knows personally, but what others have said
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expert witness
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a person who is a specialist in a subject and presents his opinion
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Frye standard
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dictates that scientific evidence is only admissible if the methodology upon which the opinion is based is generally accepted
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Daubert ruling
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endorses the scientific method
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junk science
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theories based on distorted, flawed, or untested hypotheses
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