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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dehydration sign in sclera?
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Tachy noire (black line)
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Blowfly development (8mm, pupa, fly). Ants wounds?
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8mm - 7 days, pupa - day 8-10, fly 12-18 days. Ants, formic acid, reddish mosit wounds
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In infanticide - what's the GI float test?
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small intestine - gas for 6h, large int - gas for 12h
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What is amussat sign?
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Carotid intimia ruptures, used in strangulation/garroting examination
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Who should be in a CSI? what are the 2 phases?
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Investigator, recording investigator, criminal technician and a forenisc pathologist. Static phase, dynamic phase
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Name 4 examinations for blood and how they work
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Teichmann - microscopic heme crystals.
Guaiac test - blood colrs test blue Merck - benzidine rxn - blue green Luminal test - chemoluminascence - seen in dark OxyHgb - sepctrophotometry |
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Demonstration of sperms - 3 examinations. 2 scales
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Quartz lamp (blue on clothes), AP activity (up to 5 years!), Florance test (choline content).
Davis Wilson scale, AP - sigma units (>138 <24h, 50-138 24h, 20-50 48h) |
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hairs - 2 differences animal/human, death sign in cortex
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differences - animal hair scaly (human parallelr rows), animal hair core is larger. Death sign - original color found in cortex of hair
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Give one easy way to know if a wound is ante or postmortem. Give 2 ways to grade wound age and examples
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Easy way - if hemorrhage washed easily - PM. Histochemical signs (DNA proliferation 6h), Morphological signs (small thrombosis at 12h, granulation tissue at 5-6d)
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Essen-Moller probablities? 4 most important features of peternity
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Peternity - ABO/RH, HLA, DNA fingerprint, enzyme systems. Essen - 0.5 excluded, <1% improbable, >99.75% prooven
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5 important things in identifying a body. 2 special examinations of skeleton
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1. Recognition, 2. fingerprints (inject formalin if water), 3. dental, 4. special markings, 5.skeleton. Special skeleton exams - UV light decreases with years, lamellar system occluded after 30 years
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a vital sign and a vital rxn in hanging. 3 causes of death in hanging.
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Vital sign - pinpoint hemorrhages on ligature, red abrasions also. Vital rxn - thyroglobulin level markedly increased. 3 causes of death - anoxia, spinal cord injury, reflexogenic vagal cardiac arrest
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give 4 signs of garroting
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Face- pinpoint hemorrhages, neck - bleeding into neck muscles, larynx. Thyroid - great horn fx. Kidney, liver congested
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3 types of suffucation. 3 causes of suffucation. 3 autopsy signs.
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types- anoxemic, anemic anoxia (CO), Hisotoxic anoxia (CN). 3 causes - AW obstructio, PTX, tissue damage. Signs - pink hypostasis, subconjunctiva petechia, lung edema
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3 types of abrasion, different ante/PM, dating with? ages?
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Scrape, impact, patterened. Antemortem - red-brown, post- yellowish (vital rxn). Dating by epithelial regen+granulation tissue. Epi regen at 72h, granulation tissue at 5-8days
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6 types of brain contusions. Special about falls and head blows. Two features of contusions
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Coup, Contre-coup, fracture, intermediary, gliding, herniation. In falls - countre-coup mostly. In head blows - only coup. In contusion --> Hemorrhage + necrosis
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Types of death from electrocution
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Exitus Momentarus, exitus retardatus, exitus dilatus (several hours), exitus interruptus
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Two elements cauing injury in explosions. What's crow's feet?
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Physical objects (explosives, objects around) + Shockwave. Crow's feet - linear streaks of unburned skin around eyes caused by squinting. Indicates victim was alive.
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Types of heat injury
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Dry, wet, radiant (flash effect)
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Vital signs/injuries
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BABE ECCO
Bleeding, Aspiration in drowning (reach terminal bronchiol), Blister formation, Edema. Embolization, Crow's feet, CO inhalation |
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signs of child abuse
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Subdural hematoma from shaking, hands-like bruises, human bite, seperated cranial sutures, retinal hemorrhages, multiple fractures
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3 autopsy findings in hypothermia
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Wischnevsky's ulcers, purple patches on extremities, bright-pink/red livor mortis
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Gross pathological findings in MI
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Swelling, green-brown myocardium (24h), pallor w/hyperemic border at 7 days, yellow soft granualtion tissue at 10d, gray scar months later
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3 main causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. 4 findings.
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Causes- idiopathic, alcohol, pregnancy. findings - fibrosis, pale friable myocardium, fibrosis, mural thrombi
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cause of death in myocarditis
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fibrosis leading to arrhythmias
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2 findings in HOCM, 2 findings in restrictive cCM
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HOCM - fibers in disarray, septum enlarged. Restrictive - thickened endocardium. Milky white endocardium
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4 abdominal causes of SD
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Esophageal varices, ischemic mesenteric event, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (Benda rxn), Splenic rupture
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4 findings in autopsy fitting SIDS
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Petechiae on pleura, thymus. Vomit in trachea. Perioral bloody fludi.
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3 pulmonary signs of intra uterine hypoxia and death
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pulmonary art open and full w/blood, lung - grossly blackberyy red and splenic like in texture. Lung- histo - meconium in alveoli.
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2 pulmonary, 2 cranial signs, 1 kidney sign indicating live birth
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pulmonary - color of lungs pinkish red, spongy texture. and float in water. Kidney - urate salts due to RBC destruction. Cranial - caput succedandum, cephalohematoma
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1 sign of post-mortally introduced air into infant's lung. air in small/large intestine? 1 cardiac sign of live brith
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post-mortally introduced air - broken alveoli with air distrubted evenly. air in small intestine 6h, 12h in colon. Cardiac- closure of foramen ovale
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4 ways to determine time since birth
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gas in small/large intestine (6/12h), umbilical cord detachment (6d), ductus venosus closure (5-10d), foramen ovale closure (4-8w)
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3 signs to determine if women was just pregnant, 2 good ways to determine time since childbirth
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determine if pregnant - stretch marks on abd, healed scar in perianal region, scarring of vaginal mucosa. time since childbirth - shrinkage of uterus (10d for fundus to reach pubic bone), histological remains of decidua
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Proof of rape - what to estabilsh
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Injury to hymen, injury to genitals, sperm, pregnancy
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3 major ways of criminal abortions
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Abortificient systemic drugs (local - quinine, oxytocin, essential oils), locao abortificient (potassium permanganate), instrumentation (douching, syringing, induction by instrumentation),
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Mercury - acute poisoning (vapor, Hg salts)
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Vapor - chest pain, n/v, tremor, gingivitis.
Hg salts - tubular necrosis, gray diarrhea, percipitates in mucous membranes |
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Mercury - chronic poisoning (vapor, salts)
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Vapor - CNS + SNS.
Salts - renal injury, acrodynia, anorexia |
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Autopsy findings in mercury poisoning
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Gray-white mucosa, CNS atrophy, GI petechia, fatty degeneration of heart, liver.
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Lead poisoning - inorganic/organic absorption, clinical siggns
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Inorganic - absorbed all ways except skin. Clinical - CNS, neuropathy (dropwrist), GI, sideroblastic anemia.
Organic in gasoline, abosrbed thru skin/resp tract. Clinical - acute CNS (hallucination, insomina, headaches) |
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2 etiologies of lead poisoning and 2 diagnostic tests
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etiologies - paints, bullets left in body. dx - Lead lines deposits in growing bones, protoporphyirin and ALA enzyems levels increased
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CO poisoning - clinical signs, PM signs
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clinical - hypoxia, headache, n/v, syncope, coma.
PM - bright pink hypostasis. distended lungs, brain edema, pleura/pericard pinpoint hemorrhages |
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CN poisoning - found in, PM findings, lethal dose
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found in - instectides, chemicals, cleaners, burning plastic.
PM - almonds odor, lactic acidosis, black stomach, red skin. Bright red organs and red livor. Lethal dose - 2mg/kg |
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Acids (corrosives) - 4 examples with 1 characteristic and cause of death
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Sulforic acid - gastric black deposits, COD gastric perforation.
Nitric acid - yellow crusts and lung edema, COD -shock. HCL - glottis spasm, coagulated surfaces on autopsy. Acetic acid - typical odor, renal damage and irritating effect |
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Paraquat - clinical. 2,4d-dichlorophenoxyacetate - clinical
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Paraquat - lipid peroxidation, GI irritant, pulm edema.
Dichlorophenoxyacetate - neuromuscular paralysis, coma. 100% fatal in days |
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Autopsy findings on barbs intoxication
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Red bullae on skin, full bladder, hypostatic pneumonia, highly fluid blood
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3 ways of hepatic metabolism of ethanol to acetaldyhde. Acetaldyhde dehydrogenase requires what?
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ADH in cytosol (constitutive), MEOS in ER (inducible, requires NADPH), Catalase in peroxisomes. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase requries NAD (meaning causes an increase in NADH)
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3 causes of increase in NADH
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1. increase in lactate levels leading to fibrosis
2. reduction in gluconeogenesis leading to increase FA synthesis and fatty liver 3. reduction of FA breakdown (again fatty liver) |
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Autopsy findings in Methyl alcohol, Ethylene glycol
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Methyl alcohol - alcoholic odor, degerenation of optic nerve/retina.
Ethylene glycol - subendocardial hemorrhage, brain edema, kidney oxalate crystals deposition |
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Toxins in amanita phalloides, clinical
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Phalotoxin - 8-12h latency with abdominal pain, n/v, diarrhea. Then symptom free for days, then amatoxin --> liver + renal damage with jaundice, enzymes, hepatocellular necrosis and death
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Helvella esculenta -toxin, clinical, rx
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Helvellic acid - hemolysis.
6-8h latency, diarrhea n/v. 24h - jaundice, hemolysis, hematuria, etc. Rx for Helvella - pyridoxine! |
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Methods to examine illicit drug use. What samples and how much do you send for toxicology?
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Anamnestic data, clinical signs, autposy, toxicology screen. Samples - blood 10-20ml, urine 300ml, vomit-all, gastic lavage 500ml.
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Heroin autopsy signs. How can heroin be taken?
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Pinpoint pupils, pulma edema, foam, 6-MAM in vitreous?. Urinalysis positive for 72h. Heroin - IV, skin popping, inhalation (heating on spoon)
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4 examples of hallucinogenics. mechanism of action. 1 drug that can cause serious physical damage
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Mescaline, Psilocybin, LSD, PCP - causes resp depression, coma, seizures. MOA - 5HT antagonists
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