Forensic Path

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10th century suicide

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crime under English Common law

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1184 Council of Nimes

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made condemnation of suicide part of canon law of the Roman Catholic Church

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The Orient

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His Yuan Lu, a handbook published (1250) contained guidelines for postmortem examination of bodies (post v. ante drowning/fire alive at time)(sharp v. blunt force wounds)

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1507 Bamberg Code

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penal code that facilitated the 1st written record of the development of forensic path in Europe (medical testimony in trials: homicide, infanticide, abortion, poisoning)

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1530 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina

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more extensive penal code issued by Emperor Charles V for all lands included in his empire
(medical testimony in trials: homicide, infanticide, abortion, poisoning)

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1550-1590 Ambrose Pare

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performed medicolegal autopsies (reported findings in lungs of smothered children & studied traces left by sexual assualt)

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Early 1600s Fidelis & Zacchia (italy)

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engaged in anatomical dissections & reported analyses of injuries to internal organs

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Fidelis

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described findings in drowned bodies that distinguished btw homicide adn accidental drowning

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Zacchia

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provided descriptions of bullet & stab wounds, findings in asphyxial deaths, distinction btw suicide and homicide, diff btw sudden deaths from natural & determining if infant was born alive

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Michaelis & Bonn lectures

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popularized the strengths of formal forensic investigation w police soon requesting physicians to aid in solving fatal crimes

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Chart of privileges 925 AD

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grant of the coroners office by King Athelstane to an English noble, St. John of Beverly

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1194 AD- office of the coroner

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formally described: justice in eyre were required to provide that three knights & one clerk were elected in every county as "keepers of the pleas of the crown"

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justices in eyre

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(traveling circuit court judges) order the coroner to perform duties of administrative or inquisitorial nature within appointed region (alone or with sheriff)

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coroner duties

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inquests over dead bodies; appeals (inspection of a living or deceased person's wounds, recording accusation agains other & if wound appear likely to be fatal, arresting accuse person); attach or arrest witnesses or suspects; appraise & safegurard any land or goods that might be forfeited by reason of guilt of the accused

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1860-fee system

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abolished, with salaries enacted for all county coroners

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1877 inquest law

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all violent or unnatural deaths & for when cause of death was unknown

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1888 appointment system

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abolishment of election of coroners by freeholders; head of local gov't appointed the coroner

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1926-minimum qualifications

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requirements for coroner: 5yrs experience as a medical practitioner, barrister, or solicitor

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1807- first chair of leagal medicine

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Dr. Andrew Duncan at University of Edinburgh (series of lectures on legal medicine & public health)

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British Association of Forensic Medicine

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est after beginning of 20th century; provided direction for the establishment of new chairs of legal medicine& the development of forensic psychiatry as distinct field

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Scotland Yard-early 20th century

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important investigative agency, assisted by coroners

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Landmark case-1910

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Murder of Cora Crippen by her husband Hawley Crippen who killed his wife w hycoscine
solved by Dr. Joseph Pepper

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1637- Maryland Governor appointment

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Leonard Calvert appointed Thomas Baldridge to be sheriff & Cornoner

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1637-inquest

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first inquest over John Bryant, victimized by a falling tree

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1647-autopsy exams

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first documentation in Massachusetts concerned with the education of medical students- authorizing that "an autopsy should be made on the body of a criminal once in 4 yrs)

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1665- Francis Carpenter

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first recorded medicolegal application of autopsy; absolved of death of a servant

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Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia

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early study of jurisprudence in US. lecture: "on the styd of medical jurisprudence". founded medical education in Philly. signed declaration of independence (opposed capital punishment)

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1860-Maryland:Code of Public General Laws

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earliest formal mention of a physician working with coroner; required attendance of physicians in cases of violent death

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1877- Boston statewide system

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requiring ME to replace coroners; bodies of violent deaths; authority to perform autopsies reserved for district attorney

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1945-amendment of Massachusetts law

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autopsies at the discretion of the ME

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1890 B-more and Board of health

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authorized to appoint two physicians and assign duty of performing all autopsies requested by b-more city

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1915 NYC coroner system

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eliminated & created ME system providing foundation for first competent medical examiner's system (broad cases to investigate)

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NYC MEO & Institute of Forensic MEd

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contructed under guidance of Dr. Milton Helpern NYC's 3rd ME

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1892 Galton

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fingerprint techniques

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1915- Leon Lattes

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simple procedure of determining blood group from dried blood stain

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1920- Albert Osborne

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first authoritative text on questioned document examination

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1893- Hans Gross

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published book detailing application of info derived from various fields to criminal investigation

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1910 Edmund Locard

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first time various separately developed specialties of forensic science were integrated for sole purpose of criminal investigation (first crime lab)

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1923- los angeles

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establishment of first complete crime lab

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1932- FBI lab

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established allowing for the first time forensic science available for whole country

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1939- MD ME sys

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first statewide ME system established;
adopted NY sys of investigating a broad spec of cases; autopsies at ME discretion; appointment of chief ME made by commission of professors of path

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19370 George Burgess McGrath chair of legal medicine

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Dr. Alan Moritz as the first professor- initiated education of forensic path as a subspecialty of path (established residency training for path interested in FP)

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1959- American Board of Pathology

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graduated first class of forensic pathologists

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Medicolegal Autopsy

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1. Background investigation
2. Examination of Clothing
3. Detailed External Exam
4. Complete autopsy
5. Necessary special studies

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Problem areas in forensic path

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sudden and unexpected deaths; Firearm injuries; blunt force injuries; driver injuries; suicide; fume intoxication; forensic pediatrics; exhumations

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somatic death

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irreversibly loses consciousness and awareness of the surrounding environment, being unable to appreciate sensory stimuli or to initiate voluntary activity

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indication of death

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unconsciousness & loss of all reflexes; muscular flaccidity; eye signs; cessation of heart & respiratory mov'ts