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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Engineering
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Attempting to gain access to a resource by means of impersonation. Examples phone scams, email phishing
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Malware
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Software which intends damage disable or otherwise comprise the integrity of a computer system. Example a computer virus
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What is the difference between a virus and a worm?
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A virus attaches to a file and requires user interaction to spread. Whereas, a worm is more often lives in memory and can move between systems autonomously.
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What is the difference between adware and spyware?
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Adware is obvious and obstructive. It presents pop-up ads and re-directs searches. Spy-ware is quiet and usually undetected. It records account credentials and screen captures.
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Describe what steganography is?
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It is hiding one message within another in order to mask the existence of the hidden message.
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What is digital stegraography?
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Hiding data within a computer file without affecting their original behaviour - example, adjusting colour to every 100th pixel
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What are the guidelines for entering an electronic crime scene?
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1. Secure the scene, minimize contamination 2. Protect the evidence 3. Evaluate electronic equipment 4. Unplug from the wall 5. Aviod aluminum based finger-print
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What is RAM?
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Random Access Memory - Fast read and write
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What is IACIS and HTCIA?
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International Association of Crime Investigative Specialists and High Technology Criminal Investigation Association.
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What is a database?
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A way to logically structure and store information
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Name two DNA databases
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CODIS and Combined DNA Identification System
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What are two parts to the fingerprint?
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Syntactic - ridge pattern
Structural - graphic representation |
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What are three Data Protection Tools?
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1. Anti-Virus Software - detects and removes viruses
2. Encryption - converting a message termed plaintext using an algorithm into encrypted text termed crytotest 3. Decryption - reversing the process to obtain plaint text |
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Cryptographic Keys - What is symmetric and asymmetric?
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Symmetric - same key can look and unlock plaintext
Asymmetric - two key required - private and public keys |
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What is estimator variables and system variables?
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Estimator variables - uncontrolled characteristics
System variables - under control of legal system |
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Name the two main issues with DNA exoneration cases
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72% eyewitness identification
47% improper forensics |
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Name the two main issues with mistaken eyewitness ids by type of procedure used
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45% photoline up
37% in person line up |
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What makes up a good line up?
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One suspect per lineup
Comparable targets Interviewer unaware of suspect identity |
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What types of questions produce the greatest accuracy?
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Free recall, open ended, non-leading, choice in responding
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What is forensic entomology?
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The study of insects associated with a dead body
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What is the type period that entomological evidence is the most accurate?
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72 hours
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What do insects determine on a dead body?
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If body has been moved, if body has been disturbed, victim used drugs or poisoned
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What are the two methods of determining elapsed time since death?
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1. The development of larval diptera primarily blow flies
2. Seasonal, successional colonization of body by carrion insects |
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Describe the process of the diptera larva (blow flies) development
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First, flies are attracted to a body immediately after death. Blow flies first (calliphordiae). The male and female require protein meal before sex.
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What is the development threshold?
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Temperature below or above a point where no development takes place
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What impacts Successional colonization of the body?
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Nutritional changes of body, geographic region, habitat, season
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Locard's Exchange Principle
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Criminal leaves evidence at scene of crime
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What is maggot debridement therapy?
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Use of maggots to cleanse wounds
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What happens with the collection of evidence in regards to insects?
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Collect a dime size of eggs. Half goes into alcohol and the other half is kept alive with beer live. It is then observed
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What is forensic Odontology?
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Use of dentition in identification of individuals by comparison of victim's teeth with pre death dental records and use of teeth as DNA source.
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What three things does a forensic odontologist analyzes?
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1. A bite mark
2. Personal injury to the head or neck 3. Malpractice |
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What is the difference between a fact witness and an expert witness?
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A fact witness certifies only pre death conditions and restorations of the victim's dentitions. An expert witness is not the vicitim's dentist, they compare pre-death dental records with postmordtem findings
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What are the two types of dentitions during life:
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1. Primary dentition - pediatric or childhood - development completed by 2 years of age (20 teeth)
2. Perment Dentition - adult - including root development - completed 8 years later (32 teeth) |
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How is the jaw divided?
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Maxilla - upper jaw
Mandible - lower jaw |
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What are parts of the tooth?
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Crown - outter part of the tooth covered in enamel
Root - has specialized fibres - sharypey's fibres Pulp - centre of the tooth/nervous tissue |
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What is myotomy?
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Cutting of facial features
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What is recorded during a tooth examination?
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1. If teeth are present
2. Condition of teeth 3. Teeth photographed and xrayed |
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What four statements would be noted for each tooth during an examination for an adult or child?
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1. Findings are consistent
2. Differences can be explained 3. Findings are inconsistent 4. Findings are insufficient to make an accurate comparison |
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Describe the 3 types of bite marks
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1. Antemortem bite marks - great deal of bruising due to the heart still pumping
2. Agonal or perimortem bite marks - within 5 min of death, defined bruising pattern 3. Post mortem bite mark - defined indentations but no evidence of bruising |
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How do you tell the difference between an offensive bite mark and a defensive?
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Offensive - defined, singular patter, mainly in postmortem bite marks
Defensive - ill defined, possible tearing and multiple bites |
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Amylase in a pattern injury gives positive correction to what?
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Saliva and lesion is a bite mark
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What is IME?
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Independent Injury Analysis
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Who is the vampire rapist?
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Wayne Boden
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What is forensic toxicology?
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Examination of all aspects of toxicity that may have legal distinctions
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Types of testing
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Blood - most important specimen in post mortem toxicology - takes two specimens of 50-100ml from the heart and peripheral site
Urine - most frequently used in employment screening |
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What is most involved in drug metabolism?
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The liver
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Why is hair not commonly used?
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Low concentration of drugs and is controversy
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Name 2 opiates
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Morphine (made from opium), amphetamines, codeine
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What is speed and meth?
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Amphetamines - speed - stimulant
Methamphetamine - meth |
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What is the time period that you can test for cocaine?
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3 days after found in pee
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What is the time period that you can test for weed?
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Up to 2 months after
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What is the time period that you can test for PCP?
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Up to 1 week
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What are examples of non medical agents?
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Alcohol, Carbone Monoxide, and hydrocarbons
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Alcohol
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Ethanol, 90% concerted by liver, 90 min after ingestion is peak alcohol level
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What is a hepatoma?
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Liver cancer
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What causes more deaths than any other toxic substance?
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Carbon Monoxide (prevents oxygen from getting to the cells)
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What are the two tactics used to test for presence of toxins?
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Screening - test for presumptive positives, sensitives
Confirmation - confirm presence through results which are sensitive and specific |
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What are examples of screening tests?
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Immunoassays - antibodies
Chromatography plate - tentitively separates and identifies components in mixture Ultraviolet-visble spectrophotometry - UV-VIS - identification of drug through absorbance at certain wave lengths |
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What are examples of confirmation tests?
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Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry Chemical Ionization Tendem Mass Spectrometry Liquid Chromatohgraphy - Mass Spectrometry (better technology) |
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What are disadvantages of Gas Chromatography - Mass spectrometry (GCM)?
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Time consuming and labour intensive steps
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What are the disadvantages of Liquid Chronomatography - Mass Spectromatry?
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Expensive and provides lower resolution
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What are types of metal analysis?
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Colourimetric testing
Atomic Absorpation Spectrophotometry (AAS) Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) - ratio active changes of metal Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry - Most modern (ICP-MS) |
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Identification of controlled substances are divided into two examinations:
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Botanical examination - begins with microscopic examination
Chemical Examination - colour change test |
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What is NICHD?
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National Institution for Child Health and Development
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Entomology in Canada happened in what year?
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1992
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Determining time of death from insects can only last up to how long for maggots?
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2 months and no longer
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Determining time of death from successional waves of insects can last up to how long?
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2 months to several years
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What are the stages of maggot development?
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Blow flies - calliphoridae
Flesh flies - sarcophagidae house flies - muscidae |
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How does thin layer chromatography work?
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Specimen is extracted into organic solvent. Spotted on place coated with silica. Plate is placed into tank that contains mobile phase which migrates to place and separates chemicals. Reagents are sprayed. Toxins are identified by colour and distance they migrate.
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How to secure a forensic crime scene?
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Level 1 - overall scene security for restriction of general public
Level 2 - Restriction to official business (warm zone) Level 3 - Target area (highest security) hot zone |
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What does LOSER stand for?
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Listen
Observe Search Evaluate Record |
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How do we ensure admissibility of evidence?
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Continuity, Cross contamination, credibility, charter
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Narrow end of elongated bloodstain usually points in what direction?
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In the direction of travel
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How to describePar a spatter blood stain?
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Random distribution of bloodstains that vary in size
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Spatter bloodstain has three categories, what are they?
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1. Secondary mechanisms - satellite spatter
2. Impact mechanisms - gunshot, beating, power tools 3. Projection mechanisms - cast off, arterial, expirated |
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What is a document and questioned document?
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Document - any fixed method of communication between one person or another
Questioned document - a document in its entirety or part that is suspect as to its authenticity origin - Osborn was part of this |
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What is class and individual evidence?
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Part of associative evidence
Class - not considered unique - glass, carpet fibre Individual - positively for identification - blood, DNA, fingerprints |
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What tests confirm the presence of blood?
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Teichmann test - rhombic brown crystals
Takayama test - pink feathery crystals |
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What is SAP?
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Seminal Acid Phosphatase
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What does Brentamine Flast Blue Test test for?
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Primary test for SAP
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Wat organic compounds does the dection of urine depend on?
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Urae, creatinine, ammonia and urease
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Descibe what aperture, shutter and ISO is?
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Aperture - a hole or opening through which light is admitted through the lens onto the senor
Shutter - allows light to pass for a determined amount of light ISO - virtual file speed, or sensitivety of the camera to light (higher more sensitive, the lower cleaner image) |
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What are the three basic patterns for finger prints?
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Arches, loops, or whorls
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What are finger print patterns?
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Ending abruptly - ending ridge
Splitting into two ridges - bifurcation Being short in length - dot Two bifurications facing each other - island |
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Types of evidencary fingerprints?
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Patent/visble - needs no processing - blood or oil
Plastic print - impression or indentation print - butter, silly putty Latent print - requires additional processing |
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What is rigor mortis, liver mortis and algor mortis?
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Rigor mortis - stiffening of muscles which occurs following death
Livor mortis - discolouration of body settling of red blood cells after blood stops circulating Algor mortis - cooling of the body after death |
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What is asphyxia?
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Interference with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
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