Foreign Policy Final

Front 1

Realism

Back 1

Adoctrine, influenced by Hans Morgenthau, sought to provide universal law-likeexplanations for the external behavior of all states, by linking the concept ofpower to that of the national interests.

Front 2

Behavioralism

Back 2

Espouse a scientific approach through testablehypotheses to develop a body of empirical generalizations regarding political behavior.

Front 3

'Process' Approaches to FPA

Back 3

a. Theexplanandum here is the process of decision making; identifying what foreignpolicy-makers are doing.

b. Process-orientatedanalysts of foreign policy consider how certain goals arise and why certainbehaviors result.

c. Focuson the factors and processes by which foreign policy decisions, statements andbehaviors are made

d. Theaim is to explore the process of foreign policy decision-making rather thanpolicies themselves

e. Statesare the institutional structures within which and on behalf of which,individual decision-makers act.

Front 4

'Policy' Approaches to FPA

Back 4

a. Theexplanandum here is the choice of specific policies, rather than specificdecision-making process.

b. Policiesare understood to result from processes, rather than being part of them. c. Themain focus is the action that is the product of the decision; distinguishing aforeign policy action from the process that preceded it.

d. Thefocus is on policy undertakings, not the behavior of any particular entity.

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i. Structural Perspectives

Back 5

a. Realism(aggressive and defensive neorealists, neoclassical realists)

b. Neoliberalinstitutionalism (regime theory)

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Organizational Behavior Perspectives

Back 6

i Graham Allison

ii Groupthink (Janis)

iii Logicof consequences and appropriateness

iv SocialConstructivism

Front 7

Actor-based Perspectives

Back 7

i Cognitive and psychological approaches (vs.rational choice)

ii Bureaucratic politics approach (Allison)iii NewLiberalism (Liberal or societal actor approach/liberalism)

iv Interpretativeactor perspective

Front 8

Explanation of Foreign Policy Action

Back 8

a Focusfirst on the relation between a given foreign policy action and the intentionor goal that it expresses.

b Indicatethose prior or underlying mechanisms which ‘caused’ a given actor to have thisbut not that intention.

c Tracethe link between the intentional and the dispositional dimensions, focusing onthe underlying values that motivate actors to pursue certain goals.

Front 9

How structural factors are to be incorporated into the framework of Foreign Policy Action

Back 9

a Structuralfactors affect actors as a consequence of being perceived, reacted to and takeninto account by the same actors.

b Structuralfactors affect the cognitive and psychological dispositions of individuals.

Front 10

Rational Choice

Back 10

a. Theprocess that people should use to make choices with intuitively rankedpreferences; good at attending to and updating new information; capable ofweighing consequences. They need to be logical and discriminating, while opento new evidence (in their choices), and they need to be coherent and consistentin responding to logical arguments.

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Attributes which compromise human's capacity for Rational Choice

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1 Simplicity:use of ‘analogical reasoning’ that limits policy-making options

2 Consistency:‘defensive cognitions’ employed

3 Poorestimators: use of heuristics,’ cognitive and hindsight biases, fundamentalattribution error

4 Lossaversion: loss overvalued to relative gains

Front 12

Causes of decisions

Back 12

1 Preconsciousneurological processes

2 Strongemotional responses

Front 13

Strategic-Relational Approach

Back 13

a. Suggeststhat both internal preference and external constraints are at play most of thetime; focus on the interaction between constraints and preferences.

Front 14

Three aspects of Implementation

Back 14

1 Neitherstrategy nor context taken in isolation can explain the success or failure of agiven foreign policy towards an intended outcome.

2 Constantinterplay between actors and context, behavior is produced through thisinterplay (especially the mediating role of ideas, narratives, paradigms,perceptions, etc.)3 Constantfeedback between the actor and context: foreign policy is produced, feeds intothe context and back into the actor (e.g. domestic reactions).

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Horizontal Dimension

Back 15

A continuum from proximity to distance, fromregional to global.

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Vertical Dimension

Back 16

(functional layers: political, social, economic,military, normative, etc.).

Front 17

Overstretch

Back 17

The tendency of great powers to takeon imperial commitments which they cannot sustain, financially or militarily.

Front 18

Ladder Escalation

Back 18

Military action

Political interpretation

Negative sanctions

Positive sanctions

Diplomacy

Front 19

Pluralist Model of CNN effect

Back 19

Publicopinion is independent of government and the media (media as objective andpublic capable of forming an independent opinion)

Front 20

Elite Model of CNN effect

Back 20

Publicopinion (and media) either irrelevant to policy makers or a pre-establishedaudience for policy makers

Front 21

Attentive Public

Back 21

The part of the public that is attuned tocurrent affairs and its media coverage. Much of the American public is disinterestedin politics and policy, so opinion leaders, and policy makers must direct theirideas to, and seek support from, the smaller attentive public, rather than thebroad, general public.

Front 22

Procedural Criticism

Back 22

Describes media criticism and influence thatrelates to debates over the implementation of policy decisions.

Front 23

Substantive Criticism

Back 23

Describes criticism and influence that relatesto the underlying justifications and rationale for particular foreign policies.

Front 24

Realism

Back 24

The ‘war on terror’ and its impact upon mediaautonomy and public perception of global affairs, confirms subservience of bothto broader political and economic forces.

Front 25

Liberalism

Back 25

The appearance of new issues, such as the ‘waron terror,’ challenge their claims for the existence of a more adversarial andindependent post-Cold War media

Front 26

Critical Approaches

Back 26

The‘war on terror’ and its impact upon media autonomy and public perception ofglobal affairs, confirms subservience of both to broader political and economicforces.

Front 27

Traditional National Security

Back 27

Protecting and securing the physical survival ofthe state from external (military) threats.

Front 28

Expanded National Security

Back 28

military to health, economics, environment

Front 29

Human Security

Back 29

Individualsas referent object (and state itself as the external threat)

Front 30

Statism

Back 30

States as central actors; makes security apervasive element of foreign policy.

Front 31

Survival

Back 31

Central goal of all foreign policy; use force asa legitimate (element) instrument of statecraft.

Front 32

Security Studies

Back 32

Thestudy of the nature, causes, effects, and prevention of war.

Front 33

Grand Strategy Development Step 1

Back 33

Determinethe state’s vital security goals

Front 34

Grand Strategy Development Step 2

Back 34

Identifythe main source of threats to these goals

Front 35

Grand Strategy Development Step 3

Back 35

Ascertainthe key political, economic and military resources that can be employed asforeign policy options to realize national security goals

Front 36

Neo-Isolationism

Back 36

America should focus on its own nationalinterests. Activist, globalist role is no longer needed in post-Cold War era.US is secure from external threats with power to guarantee its security.

Front 37

Liberal Isolationism

Back 37

Anexpansive American national interest, (that includes world peace), necessitatesmultilateral engagement in pursuit of common goals. The US not immune frommilitary threats. Central: democracy, human rights, interdependence and role ofinstitutions.

Front 38

Primacy

Back 38

PreservingUS power as the undisputed preeminent power in the international system. Themost advantageous position for achieving national security, so the US mustensure its military dominance, preventing emergence of a multi-power structure.Institutions seen as restraining unilateral options. (Evidence suggests this iswhat the US uses)

Front 39

Economic Statecraft

Back 39

The use of economic tools and relationships toachieve foreign policy objectives. Part of a wider array of foreign policyinstruments where economic measures are used in conjunction with military anddiplomatic tools.

Front 40

Instruments and Objectives of Economic Statecraft

Back 40

a. Traderestrictions: on given exports or imports

b. Financialsanctions: used alongside trade restrictions, via cutting off of economic ormilitary aid or the blocking or freezing of access.

c. Investmentrestrictions: restricting foreign direct investment, which affects the state’sinfrastructure.

d. Monetarysanctions: destabilizing a given currency/ exchange rate (buying and sellinglarge quantities of a target state’s currency)

Front 41

Carrots

Back 41

Positive uses of Sanctions

Front 42

Sticks

Back 42

Negative uses of Sanctions

Front 43

Humanitarianism

Back 43

Theprovision of life-saving relief to those whose lives are in danger.

Front 44

Realist Humanitarian Theory

Back 44

i Statesdon’t exhibit humanitarian duty to others

ii Ina self-help world, states must help themselves

iii Statesare most likely to help others when it furthers their own interests. Theyrarely sacrifice for others and will frequently deploy high-minded ideals tocamouflage their true motives

Front 45

Normative Argument

Back 45

1 Statesshould protect the national interest, not deplete their own resources andmanpower to help others.

2 Statesmay provide aid and food but are rarely willing to sacrifice their citizens.

Front 46

Liberal Humanitarian Theory

Back 46

Suggestthat states do and should have duties beyond borders

Front 47

Domestic Mobilization

Back 47

Theprominence of domestic politics and interest groups in shaping a state’sforeign policy

Front 48

Interdependence

Back 48

1 Visual-via awareness of the plight of others (enhanced media coverage).

2 Causal-our beliefs causing us to act because we believe it is the moral thing to do.

Front 49

Obligation

Back 49

1 Beliefin human reason, liberty, autonomy and freedom.

2 Sensethat suffering is caused by us, so should be addressed by us.

Front 50

Constructivist Humanitarian Theory

Back 50

State’s interests defined not merely by securityand wealth but also various principles.

Thepopulace wants to believe their foreign policy is driven by ethical principles,not just the pursuit of power

Statesthemselves want their foreign policies to appear legitimate to others (to beregarded for their willingness to defend universal principles)