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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Domino Theory
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belief held by JFK that if one nation fell to communism, all the surrounding nations would also fall to communist. Specifically geared towards SE Asia and may be the reason for entering / escalating Vietnam
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Massive Retaliation
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theory created by John Foster Dulles, repudiated by JFK. Potential aggressors had to know that they couldn't pick battles as the US would retaliate massively and immediately. Criticisms: lacked credibility because it was an empty threat
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Flexible Response
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theory created by Taylor and endorsed by JFK. Gave US the ability to respond to situations or crisis anywhere with whatever response it deemed necessary. Strategic doctrine used by JFK and which is cited by some as the reason for US involvement in Vietnam
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Wars of National Liberation
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belief that through wars of national liberation, many third world countries would become communist
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Vienna Summit/Conference
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Conference with JFK and Khruschev where Khruschev basically disrespected JFK and threatened to drive all western troops from Berlin. Ultimately caused Soviets to increase defense spending and build the Berlin Wall
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Bay of Pigs
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covert mission led by CIA which JFK inherited from Ike which involved an invasion of Cuba with exiles. It involved a water landing with air cover. JFK did not want to make the US too overtly involved so did not provide enough support to the invaders. The mission ultimately failed as the invaders were not greeted by support in Cuba and they never made it far enough inland to actually do anything.
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Ex-Comm
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The men JFK assembled in order to solve the Cuban Missile Crisis. They were the best and the brightest and were charged with the responsibility of finding a way to end the crisis without using nuclear force.
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Great Society
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Johnson's plan for implementing domestic policies to make the US the best nation domestically.
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Mad Bomber
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Barry Goldwater who ran against LBJ in 1964 who made many references to his approval of using nuclear weapons. In order to prove his toughness against Goldwater's big claims abotu foreign policy, LBJ ultimately invested more in foreign policy than he would have been.
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Operation Plan 34A
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Recon missions organized by the US where S. Vietnamese troops conducted assaults on N. Vietnamese territory. The Us did not lead the troops but supplied them with weapons.
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Desoto Missions
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recon missions led by US against China. These missions authorized Operation Plan 34 A. There were disputes over the US ships being in international water because of the differences in definitions of international waters.
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USS Maddox
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US ship involved in Desoto missions. N. Vietnamese ships where seen 1 was destroyed and the other 2 leave for home. The US claims that the sea was ablaze but there has been no proof found that there was any enemy fire. This incident was used for the Tonkin Gulf resolution
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution
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The president demanded the right to defend and prevent any future attacks on the US in the area. He basically demanded war making powers without ahving to make a declaration of war. Congress approved it.
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Bian Hoa
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attack which occurred 3 days before 1964 election. A sign of the increasing attacks on US in Vietnam.
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Operation Flaming Dart
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authorized by LBJ, pushed the N. Vietnamese north of the 17th parallel
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Operation Rolling Thunder
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Johnson's escalation of the war where for 3 years, the US used bombings and air strikes against N. Vietnam sights. At first LBJ maintained strict control over where they could bomb, but over time he loosened control. He allowed the use of Napalm, strikes at alternative targets and they increased frequency. The whole operation focused on air power which had already been proven to not work.
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Vietnamization
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Nixon's idea to withdraw from Vietnam by arming the S. Vietnamese and returning the fighting responsibility to them. It hadn't worked before so it is unclear why Nixon took this up again. It involved 2 strategies the iron fist (bombing supply lines and Cambodia and Laos, rearming S. Vietnam), or the velvet glove (the slow withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam).
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Suez Crisis
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Nassar (new president of Egypt), closed the Suez Canal bceause the US withdrew its support becuase Egypt had recognized communist China and given arms to the Czech Republic. Nassar nationalized the canal which freaked out Britain and France. THey plotted an invasion of Egypt causing hte US to place an embargo on oil to Britain and France. The invasion fell apart.
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Esienhower Doctrine
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asks Congress for authority to use US arms/weapons to repel communist aggression in Middle East, he then uses this pwoer to engineer invasion of Lebanon
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UN Security Council Resolution 242
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Resolution to make peace between Israel and Palestine. This created pretty even circumstances for both sides. Israel was promised recognition, peace with its neighbors, and access to waterways. Arabs would be given back land and Palestinians would be granted a national homeland. THe Israeli's wanted peace treaties first before it would withdraw and the Arabs wanted removal before peace treaties.
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Realpolitik
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policy based on power rather than based on ideal. Kissinger used this method to evaluate where the US should involve itself
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Oil Embargo 1973
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Arab states place an embargo on oil to the US because of Israel's war against Egypt. It proved the Arab states could stick together and keep good on threats.
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Resolution 338
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cease fire in place after Israel attacks Golan Heights and Sinai. It also required the implementation of resolution 242. Israel continued to ignore Resolution 242 and Kissinger gave Israel an ultimatum saying he would stop flow of arms to Israel if they didn't agree.
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SALT, SALT II
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Strategic Arms LImitation Treaty. An arms control agreement between Us and Soviet which created upper limits for arms but these limitations fell through. Basically just symbolic.
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Positive Incentives
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Carter's way of conducting foreign policy where if the US set up a positive example, other nations would follow. The Soviets, however, do not follow suit and become more adventurous
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Carter Doctrine
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Decalred the Persian Gulf was an important area to US and US would do anything to prevent Soviets from getting a foothold, including military action.
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Sandinista Government
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left-wing government in Nicaragua. The US was in favor of it under Carter becuase it was pro-human rights, but under Reagan, the US cut of aid and began to fund the contras.
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Canal Zone
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Carter returns the Canal Zone to the panamanians upholding the US end of the Panama treaty.
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1953 Coup
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Placed the Shah back in power who was a staunch ally of the US, ignoring popular sentiment in Iran
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PLO
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Plaesitinian LIberation Organization, wanted to create a Palestinian homeland, a potential threat to the US state of Israel.
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stop-gap compromise
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somcpromise crafted by Schultz which stopped action in place. Israel would give land gained in the wars, PLO allowed to go to Jordan but civilians were left in camps
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Contras
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non communist government in Nicaragua which was funded by the US in order to turn over the communist Sandinista government
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Grenada
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US sends in marines to depose the General of Grenada after hte military coup, a new government was established and the Soviets were expelled but the action was condemned by UN even if Reagan saw it as a major triumph
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Boland Amendment
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Congress orders ban on all military aid to Contras but Reagan continues to arm the Contras with funds made from selling Iran weapons
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Iran-Iraq War
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War between Iran and Iraw where the US sold arms to Iran to fund the contras and ot gain hostages back and also sold Iraq intelligence to keep the war going
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Geneva Summit
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attempt btwn US and Soviets for arms reduction but fell apart
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Reyjavik Summit
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near historic break through for mutual arms disarmament between US and Soviets but the agreement fell through because of strategic defense initiative
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Strategic Defense Initiative
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space based defense system that could shoot down nuclear weapons before they land. It could totally alter the way of war.
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Iran Contra Affair
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Reagan secretly sells weapons ot Iran and uses that money to fund the Contras even though Congress had said no to that before. Reagan gets in trouble but not impeached because its not worth it so close to the end of his term.
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INF Treaty
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called for dismantling and destruction of all small to mid range missiles iwth program for on site inspections
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Moscow Summit
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no further reductions in arms but left on a good night, Gorbachev decides to wait for Reagan's successor
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Glasnost
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Gorbachev's new policy for openness in his government, transparency. It ultimately causes the revolution which breaks up the Soviet Union
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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
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belief that if both sides have nuclear capabilities, neither will use them because of fear of retaliation from other side. It encourages deterrance and caution.
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War Fighting or Counter Force
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emphasized need for first strike capabilities and making sure opposition knew that you wuold be in better shape after a nuclear exchange.
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US-Russian-Ukrainian Trilateral Statement and Annex
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led to dismantling of all nuclear weapons in Ukraine (1994)
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START I and START II Treaties
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goal was to get down to 3,000 warheads and by 1997, Ukraine and Kazakhstan were nuclear free while the US and Russia were also actively dismantling
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Enlargement
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Clinton's strategy for foreign policy which relied on fostering market democracies, strengthening the community of market democracies, and helping those to take roots in places which need humanitarian aid. It was all abotu establishing free markets which would lead to democracy. The US would pay attention to nations where they were already starting to use markets rather than those who needed humanitarian aid.
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EN-EN Document
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document which laid out Clinton's policy of enlargement and engagement.
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NAFTA
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North AMerican Free Trade Agreement which eliminated tarrifs between the US, Mexico and Canada. Many thought it would lead to outsourcing but Clinton believed it would spark new markets which would ultimately create jobs and more revenue
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GATT Agreement
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lowered tarrifs world wide by the largest margin in history.
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Operation Joint Endeavor
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occurred in Bosnia with NATO, French and American troops. Implemented to end the genocide in Bosnia through air strikes and then introducing ground troops. The combatants were separated by 3 zones US NATO and France. it ended the genocide in Bosnia but the Serbs changed focus to Kosovo
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Rambouillet Accords
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accords created by peace keepers in Kosovo which would have given them autonomy. Milosevic disregarded the accords and continued his ethnic clreansing causing NATO to bomb Kosovo and eventually start a ground campaign
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Israel-Palestinian Declaration of Principles
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Oslo 1993, Clinton on Sideline, removal of ground troops in Palestinian land, right for Palestinians to rule themselves--basically like UN Security resolution 242
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Terrorism
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intended to influence an audience, private individuals, use of violence, targeting civilians, targeting symbolically important targets, aim to incite mass anxiety or doubts about how political leaders defend or rule
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Bush Doctrine
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laid out in National Strategy 2002, where Bush had 2 major elements. 1) American primacy based on American's dominance as the unipolar power in the world and 2.) Preemptive War because given the changing nature of the world, the US might have to fight wars to prevent attacks against the US, this violates international law
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