Forebrain

Front 1

What nucleus of the Thalamus is associated with mediation of affective processes and emotional behavior?

Back 1

Dorsomedial Nucleus

Front 2

What seperates the Dorsomedial Nucleus from the Lateral Thalamus?

Back 2

Internal Medullary Lamina

Front 3

Dorsomedial Nucelus projects to what?

Back 3

Prefrontal Cortex & Frontal Lobe

Front 4

Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus projects to what?

Back 4

Cingulate Gyrus

Front 5

Ventral Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus project to what?

Back 5

Premotor and Supplementary Motor Nucleus

Front 6

Ventrolateral Nucleus of Thalamus project to what?

Back 6

Primary Motor Cortex

Front 7

Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus of Thalamus project to what?

Back 7

Primary Senosry Cortex

Front 8

Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus of Thalamus project to what?

Back 8

Primary Sensory Cortex and Primary Somesthetic Cortex

Front 9

Pulvinar of Thalamus project to what?

Back 9

association areas of parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Front 10

What makes up the Ventral Basal Complex?

Back 10

Ventral Posterolateral and Ventral Posteromedial Nuclei (VPL and VPM)

Front 11

Centromedian nucleus is aka _______________.

Back 11

Lateral Posterior Nucleus

Front 12

What is the role of Centromedian Nucleus?

Back 12

integration of sensory and cognitive fxns

Front 13

What part of the thalamus receives input from Inferior Colliculus and will send fibers to Area 41 (Heschl)?

Back 13

MGN

Front 14

What part of the thalamus receives input from the retinas and will send fibers to Area 17?

Back 14

LGN

Front 15

What part of the thalamus is responsible for cognitive fxns w/auditory and visual stimulus?

Back 15

Pulvinar

Front 16

What are the Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei?

Back 16

Reticular Nucleus and Centromedian Nucleus

Front 17

Infarct to the Thalamic Nuclei of VPL and VPM can have negative and postive sensory effects. Explain.

Back 17

Negative sensory disturbance- sensory LOSS; Positive Sensory Disturb- pain and paresthesia. Both affect CONTRA side.

Front 18

Thalamic Sensory Loss most frequently affects _______________ sense and _____________ sensation is more severe.

Back 18

position; deep sensation is more severely affected (more than cutaneous)

Front 19

Loss of vibratory sense localizes a lesion where? Cortical or Thalamic?

Back 19

Thalamic. Vibratory sense is spared in lesions of the cortex.

Front 20

What 3 strx make up the epithalamus?

Back 20

Habenular Complex, Stria Medullaris, Pineal Gland

Front 21

How are the lateral and medial Habenula nuclei connected?

Back 21

Habenular Complex

Front 22

What arises from the Medial Habenula nuclei and projects to the Interpeduncular Nucleus?

Back 22

Habenulopenducular Tract (aka Alias Fasciciulus Retroflexus)

Front 23

What is a source of afferent and efferent fibers linking the habenular nuclei with the Lateral Hypothalamus, Preoptic region, Substantia Innominata, Septal Area, and Anterior Thalamic Nuclei?

Back 23

Stria Medullaris

Front 24

Pineal gland is attached to the roof of _______________.

Back 24

posterior aspect of 3rd ventricle

Front 25

Pineal gland receives ________________.

Back 25

neural inputs from Sympathetic NS from the Superior Cervical Ganglia

Front 26

What displays a circadian rhythm to light w/respect to release of severel hormones?

Back 26

Pineal Gland

Front 27

Pinealcytes secrete what?

Back 27

Biogenic Amines such as Melatonin, Serotonin, Norepinephrine

Front 28

Pineal Gland contains highly vascular CT that contains what 4 things?

Back 28

Pinealcytes, Thyrotopin releasing hormone, Somatostatin, LH releasing hormone

Front 29

What % of adults will have calcifications of the Pineal Gland on plain films?

Back 29

50%

Front 30

Calcification of Pineal Gland should not exceed __________________ in greatest Linear Dimension.

Back 30

10 mm

Front 31

What % of pts. Will have calcifications detected on the lateral film but NOT the frontal film?

Back 31

about 20%

Front 32

Position of the Pineal Gland should not vary more than ___________ from MIDLINE on Frontal Films.

Back 32

2.5-3.0 mm

Front 33

What is the most common site for Choroid Calcification?

Back 33

Tela Choroidea of posterior 3rd ventricle

Front 34

Choroid Calcifications are present on what % of lateral skull films?

Back 34

50%

Front 35

Choroid Calcicifications are located where in relation to the Pineal Gland?

Back 35

lies about 3-6 mm anterior to the Pineal Gland

Front 36

What is the 2nd most common site for choroid Calcification ?

Back 36

Glomus in atrium of Lateral Ventricles

Front 37

Where might you see Intracranial calicifications secondary to systemic dx or idiopathic?

Back 37

Basal Ganglia

Front 38

Where might you see Intracranial calcifications in the parasagitttal plane?

Back 38

Arachnoid Granulations

Front 39

List 7 places you might see Intracranial Calcifications.

Back 39

Tela Choroidea of posterior 3rd ventricle, Glomus in atrium of Lateral Ventricle, Dura, Arachnoid Granulations, Basal Ganglia, Lentiform Nuclei, Carotid Arteries

Front 40

List 8 PATHOLOGIC Calcifications.

Back 40

Tuberous Sclerosis, Sturge-Weber Syndrome, Cytomegalic Inclusion Dx, Toxoplasmosis, Craniopharyngioma, Meningioma, Lipoma, Glioma (Oligodenroglioma)

Front 41

What 2 nuclear groups make up the Subthalamus?

Back 41

Subthalamic Nuclei and Zona Incerta

Front 42

What maintains reciprocal connections with the Globus Pallidus and plays a role in regulation of motor fxns by the Basal Ganglia?

Back 42

Subthalamic Nuclei

Front 43

What is formed by a thing band of cells seperating the Lentiucular Fasciculus from the Thalamic Fasciculus?

Back 43

Zona Incerta---fxn not understood

Front 44

What divides the Hypothalamus into Lateral and Medial Hypothalamic areas?

Back 44

descending Fornix

Front 45

What is present in the Lateral Hypothalamus?

Back 45

Medial Forebrain Bundle

Front 46

Lateral Hypothalamus is associated with what?

Back 46

Behavioral processes including feeding, drinking, and predation

Front 47

What div. of the Hypothalamus contains most of the releasing hormones that control Pituitary Function?

Back 47

Medial Hypothalamus

Front 48

What div. of the Hypothalamus provides a mechanism that inhibits feeding and generates affective processes (rage)?

Back 48

Medial Hypothalamus

Front 49

____________________ is associated with the regulation of endocrine fxn and temperature fxn. (Hint: Hypothalamus nuclei)

Back 49

Medial Preoptic Region

Front 50

What is the role of the Lateral Preoptic Region?

Back 50

not understood

Front 51

What receives retinal inputs and is associated with diurnal rhythms for horomone release?

Back 51

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Front 52

What Hypothalamic Nucleus contains large cells located near the lateral edge of the optic chiasm?

Back 52

Supraoptic Nucleus

Front 53

What hypothalamus nucleus synthesizes vasopressin and oxytocin?

Back 53

Paraventricular Nucleus

Front 54

What hypothalamus Nucleus is the source of Prolactin release inhibiting hormones?

Back 54

Arcuate Nucleus-- expression of rage, inhibition of feeding and endocrine control fxns

Front 55

What nuclei releases regulatory hormones that are transmitted thru the portal system to the Anterior Pituitary gland and control release of hormones from this region?

Back 55

Tuberal Nuclei

Front 56

What is a large number of axons that project to the anterior thalamic nucleus?

Back 56

Mammillary bodies

Front 57

What 4 things make up the Corpus Striatum?

Back 57

Nucleus Accumbens, Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus

Front 58

What makes up the Lenticular Nucleus?

Back 58

Putamen, Globus Pallidus

Front 59

What 3 things make up the Neostriatum?

Back 59

N. Accumbens, Caudate N, Putamen

Front 60

Globus pallidus is seperated by a thin band of white matter known as _________________.

Back 60

Medial Medullary Lamina

Front 61

What seperates the Globus Pallidus from the Putamen?

Back 61

Lateral Medullary Lamina

Front 62

What seperates the Globus Pallidus into a lateral and medial segment?

Back 62

Medial Medullary Lamina

Front 63

_______________ represents the primary region for the OUTFLOW of the information form the basal ganglia.

Back 63

Globus Pallidus

Front 64

What pathway emerges from the medial segment of the Globus Pallidus?

Back 64

Ansa Lenticularis

Front 65

What makes up the Thalamic Fasciculus?

Back 65

Ansa Lenticularis, Lenticular Fasciculus, and Dentatothalamic Fibers

Front 66

What is the area where Lenticular Fasciulus and Ansa Lenticularis merge?

Back 66

H field of Forel (in front of red nucleus)

Front 67

H field of Forel is aka ?

Back 67

Prerubral Field (meaning rostral to red Nucleus)

Front 68

The thalamic fasciuculus is called the _______________field of Forel, the Lenticular Fasciculus is called the ________________field of Forel.

Back 68

H1; H2

Front 69

What is the major outflow pathway of the hippocampal formation?

Back 69

Fornix

Front 70

What part of the fornix is distributed to the diencephalon?

Back 70

Postcommissural fornix

Front 71

What part of the fornix passes to the Septal Area?

Back 71

Precommissural Fornix

Front 72

What serves as the relay nucleus of the hippocampal formation to the medial and lateral hypothalamus?

Back 72

Septal Area

Front 73

What is the "functional extension of Hippocampal Formation"?

Back 73

Septal Area

Front 74

What receives fibers from the amygdala and contributes fibers to the hypothalamus and autonomic centers of the brain stem?

Back 74

Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis

Front 75

What regulates the autonomic, endocrine, affective processes assoc. with the amygdala?

Back 75

Stria Terminalis

Front 76

Amygdala to the Bed Nucleus travels via?

Back 76

Stria Terminalis

Front 77

What is believed to integrate the sequencing of motor responses associated with affective processes?

Back 77

Nucleus Accumbens

Front 78

What is an extended amygdala that extends laterally to a position where it's cells appear to merge with those of the prepyriform area?

Back 78

Substantia Innominata

Front 79

What shares reciprocal connections with the amygdala and projects signals to the lateral hypothalamus?

Back 79

Substantia Innominata

Front 80

Alzheimers patients have a loss of cholinergic inputs to the CC due to degeneration of _________________.

Back 80

Basal Nucleus of Meynert

Front 81

What is the primary fxn of the amygdala?

Back 81

modulate process asso. With hypothalamus and PAG

Front 82

Stria Terminalis from the Amygdala will pass thru the Bed Nucleus of the Stria terminalis and then proceed to _________________.

Back 82

Medial Hypothalamus

Front 83

Frontopontine fibers are contained w/in what limb of the Internal Capsule?

Back 83

Anterior Limb

Front 84

Corticobulbar fibers of Internal Capsule?

Back 84

Genu

Front 85

Corticospinal fibers of Internal Capsule?

Back 85

Posterior Limb

Front 86

Where do you find the olfactory fibers that pass from the anterior olfactory nucleus to the contralateral olfactory bulb?

Back 86

Anterior Commissure

Front 87

What is Thalamic pain syndrome?

Back 87

Thalamic infarct (usually posterior aspect) making pt. feel painful burning sensation

Front 88

What is syndrome of Dejerine-Roussy?

Back 88

Thalamic Pain Syndrome

Front 89

Damage to the Supraoptic or Paraventricular Nuclei may result in what?

Back 89

Diabetes Insipidus

Front 90

Damage to the Substantia Nigra that supplies the neostriatum with DA?

Back 90

Parkinsons-- Hypokinetic

Front 91

Loss of GABA in Neostriatum?

Back 91

Huntingtons (Chorea)--- Hyperkinetic

Front 92

Damage to Subthalamic Nucleus?

Back 92

Hemiballism- flailing of contra limbs

Front 93

Damage to Hippocampal Formation?

Back 93

loss of short term memory

Front 94

Damage to prefrontal Cortex?

Back 94

decrease in cognitive ability and flatness in emotional responsiveness

Front 95

Damage to temporal lobe strx?

Back 95

Seizure disorders

Front 96

Damage to what strx would produce marked changes in emotional behavior, irritability, impulsivity and rage?

Back 96

Limbic Strx

Front 97

Damage to Precentral and Premotor Cortices?

Back 97

UMN paralysis

Front 98

Aphasia is assoc. w/ damage to what area?

Back 98

ventrolateral aspect of premotor region OR borlerline regionof temporal and parietal lobes

Front 99

What is apraxia?

Back 99

inability to produce a motor act correctly even though sensory and motor circuits are intact

Front 100

Apraxia is assoc. with damage to what area?

Back 100

Premotor Cortex or Posterior Parietal Cortex

Front 101

Damage to Postcentral and Superior Temporal Gyri?

Back 101

loss of somatosensory and auditory discrimination

Front 102

Damage to the region of the calcarine fissure of the Occipital Cortex?

Back 102

partial Blindness