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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of stress pushes in two opposite directions? |
shearing |
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What is a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume? |
stress |
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What is the lower part of a normal fault called? |
footwall |
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What type of stress produces reverse faults? |
compression |
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What is a large area of flat land that is elevated high above sea level? |
plateau |
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What is the point inside earth where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake? |
focus |
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What type of seismic waves arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and expanding the ground? |
P waves |
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What are S waves also known as? |
secondary waves |
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Compared to P waves and S waves, how do surface waves move? |
slower |
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In what direction do seismic waves carry energy? |
away from the focus |
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What type of waves can move through both liquid and solid? |
P waves |
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What does a seismograph record? |
the ground movements caused by seismic waves |
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What do scientists measure the difference between to tell how far an earthquake’s epicenter is from the seismograph? |
arrival time of P waves and S waves |
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What is the minimum number of seismographs required to determine the the exact location of an epicenter? |
3 |
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n what order do the 3 types of waves arrive at a seismograph? |
P waves, S waves, surface waves |
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What is lava called before it reaches Earth’s surface? |
magma |
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What do volcanoes along converging oceanic plate boundaries form? |
island arc |
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What is the long tube called that connects a magma chamber to Earth’s surface? |
pipe |
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What provides the force that causes magma to erupt to the surface? |
dissolved gases trapped in the magma |
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What will happen if a volcano’s magma is high in silica? |
erupt explosively |
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What triggers the small earthquakes around a volcano right before it erupts? |
upward movement of magma |
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What are tall, cone-shaped mountains called where layers of lava alternate with layers of ash? |
composite volcanoes |
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What is formed when many layers of thin, runny lava build up a high, level area? |
lava plateau |
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What is the huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain called? |
caldera |
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What is formed when ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano’s vent? |
cinder cone volcano |
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What landform will eventually form when magma hardens in a volcano’s pipe? |
volcanic neck |
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What is formed when groundwater heated by magma rises to the surface and collects in a pool? |
hot spring |
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In volcanic areas, what is groundwater heated by magma a source of? |
geothermal energy |
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What is the stress force that pulls on the crust where two plates are moving apart? |
tension |
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What stress force causes a mass of rock to move in opposite directions? |
shearing |
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What type of fault is formed when compression causes the hanging wall to move over the foot wall? |
reverse fault |
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What is the block of rock that lies above a fault called? |
hanging wall |
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What type of fault does shearing create? |
strike-slip |
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What are the vibrations that move through the ground carrying the energy released during an earthquake? |
seismic waves |
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When scientists draw circles on a map around seismograph stations, what are they looking for? |
epicenter |
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What type of stress pulls on the crust and stretches rock so it is thinner in the middle? |
compression |
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What is the major volcanic belt known as that circles the Pacific Ocean? |
Ring of Fire |
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What is molten material called when it leaves a volcano’s vent? |
lava |
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What is the bowl-shaped area around a volcano’s central vent called? |
crater |
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Diagram |
k |
