Forarm And Hand Muscles.

Front 1

Pronates and flexes forearm (at elbow)

Back 1

Pronator teres;

Hint 1

Ulnar head....
Coronoid process;
Middle of convexity of lateral surface of radius;
Humeral head...Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin);
Middle of convexity of lateral surface of radius;
Median nerve (C6, C7)

Front 2

Flexes and abducts hand (at wrist)

Back 2

Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)

Hint 2

Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin);
Base of 2nd metacarpal;
Median nerve (C6, C7)

Front 3

Flexes hand (at wrist) and tenses palmar aponeurosis

Back 3

Palmaris longus;

Hint 3

Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin);
Distal half of flexor retinaculum and apex of palmar aponeurosis;
Median nerve (C7, C8)

Front 4

Flexes and adducts hand (at wrist)

Back 4

Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU);

Hint 4

Humeral head;
Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin);
Pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal;
Ulnar head;
Olecranon and posterior border (via aponeurosis);
Pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal;
Ulnar nerve (C7, C8)

Front 5

Flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints of middle four digits; acting more strongly, it also flexes proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joints

Back 5

Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS);

Hint 5

Humeroulnar head;\
Medial epicondyle (common flexor origin and coronoid process);
Shafts of middle phalanges of medial four digits;
Radial head;
Superior half of anterior border;
Shafts of middle phalanges of medial four digits;
Median nerve (C7, C8, T1)

Front 6

Flexes distal phalanges 4 and 5 at distal interphalangeal joints
Flexes distal phalanges 2 and 3 at distal interphalangeal joints

Back 6

Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP);

Hint 6

Medial part;
Proximal three quarters of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane;
Bases of distal phalanges of 4th and 5th digits;
Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Front 7

Flexes distal phalanges 2 and 3 at distal interphalangeal joints
Flexes distal phalanges 4 and 5 at distal interphalangeal joints

Back 7

Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP);

Hint 7

Lateral part;
Proximal three quarters of medial and anterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane;
lateral part, Bases of distal phalanges of 2nd and 3rd digits,
medial part, Bases of distal phalanges of 4th and 5th digits;
Medial part: Ulnar Nerve C8, T1
lateral part: Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, T1);

Front 8

Flexes phalanges of 1st digit (thumb)

Back 8

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL);

Hint 8

Anterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane;
Base of distal phalanx of thumb;
Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, T1);

Front 9

Pronates forearm; deep fibers bind radius and ulna together

Back 9

Pronator quadratus;

Hint 9

Distal quarter of anterior surface of ulna;
Distal quarter of anterior surface of radius;
Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, T1)

Front 10

Relatively weak flexion of forearm; maximal when forearm is in midpronated position

Back 10

Brachioradialis;

Hint 10

Proximal two thirds of supraepicondylar ridge of humerus;
Lateral surface of distal end of radius proximal to styloid process;
Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Front 11

Extend and abduct hand at the wrist joint; ECRL active during fist clenching

Back 11

Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL);


Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB);

Hint 11

Lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus;
Dorsal aspect of base of 2nd metacarpal;
Radial nerve (C6, C7)

Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor origin);
Dorsal aspect of base of 3rd metacarpal;
Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Front 12

Extends medial four digits primarily at metacarpophalangeal joints, secondarily at interphalangeal joints

Back 12

Extensor digitorum;

Hint 12

Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor origin);
Extensor expansions of medial four digits;
Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Front 13

Extends 5th digit primarily at metacarpophalangeal joint, secondarily at interphalangeal joint

Back 13

Extensor digiti minimi
(EDM);

Hint 13

Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor origin);
Extensor expansion of 5th digit;
Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Front 14

Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint (also active during fist clenching)

Back 14

Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU);

Hint 14

Lateral epicondyle of humerus; posterior border of ulna via a shared aponeurosis;
Dorsal aspect of base of 5th metacarpal;
Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Front 15

Supinates forearm; rotates radius to turn palm anteriorly or superiorly (if elbow is flexed)

Back 15

Supinator;

Hint 15

Lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and anular ligaments, suupinator fossa, crest of ulna;
Lateral, posterior, and anterior surface of proximal third of radius;
Deep branch of radial nerve C 7, 8

= ) A+C Lig, SF CPU,

LAP 1/3 surf of R

DR 78

Front 16

Extends 2nd digit (enabling its independent extension); helps extend hand at wrist

Back 16

Extensor indicis;

Hint 16

Posterior surface of distal third of ulna and interosseus membrane;
extensor expansion of 2nd digit;
Posterior interosseous nerve (c7, 8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Front 17

Abducts thumb and extends it at carpometacarpal joint

Back 17

Abductor pollicis longus (APL);

Hint 17

Posterior surface of proximal halves of ulna, radius, and interosseus membrane;
base of 1st metacarpal;
Posterior interosseous nerve c7,8, continuation of deep branch of radial nerve.

Front 18

Extends distal phalanx of thumb at interphalangeal joint; extends metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints

Back 18

Extensor pollicis longus (EPL);

Hint 18

Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseus membrane;
dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb;
Posterior interosseous nerve c7,8, continuation of deep branch of radial nerve.

Front 19

Extends proximal phalanx of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint; extends carpometacarpal joint

Back 19

Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB);

Hint 19

Posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseous memebrane; Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb;
Posterior interosseous nerve c7,8, continuation of deep branch of radial nerve.

Front 20

To oppose thumb, it draws 1st metacarpal medially to center of palm and rotates it medially

Back 20

Oppones pollicis;

Hint 20

Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium;
lateral side of 1st metacarpal;
Recurrent branches of median nerve c8, T1

Front 21

Abducts thumb; helps oppose it

Back 21

Abductor pollicis brevis;

Hint 21

Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium; Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb;
Recurrent branche of median nerve c8, T1

FR TTS
LBPP of T
RM 81

Front 22

Flexes thumb

Back 22

Flexor pollicis brevis;

Hint 22

Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium; Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb;
Recurrent branches of median nerve c8, T1

Front 23

Adducts thumb toward lateral border of palm

Back 23

Flexor pollicis brevis;

Adductor pollicis;

Hint 23

Deep head;
Flexor retinaculum and tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium;
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb;
Deep branch of ulnar nerve c8, T1

oblique head;
base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals, capitate, and adjacent carpals;
medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb;
Deep branch of ulnar nerve c8 T1;
Transverse head;
Anterior surface of shaft of 3rd metacarpal;
medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb;
Deep branch of ulnar nerve c8, T1

Front 24

Abducts 5th digit; assists in flexion of its proximal phalanx

Back 24

Abductor digiti minimi;

Hint 24

pisiform;
medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit;
deep branch of ulnar nerve c8, T1;

Front 25

Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Back 25

Flexor digiti minimi brevis;

Hint 25

Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum;
Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit;
Deep branch of ulnar nerve c8, T1

Front 26

Draws 5th metacarpal anterior and rotates it, brining 5th digit into opposition with thumb

Back 26

Opponens digiti;

Hint 26

Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum;
Medial border of 5th metacarpal;
deep branch of ulnar nerve c8, T1

Front 27

Flex metacarpophalangeal jonits; extend interphalangeal joints of 2nd-5th digits

Back 27

Lumbricals;

Hint 27

1st and 2nd;
Lateral 2 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (as unipennate muscles);
Lateral sides of extensor expansion s of 2nd-5th digits;
median nerve c8, T1;
3rd and 4th;
Medial three tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (as bipennate muscles);
Lateral sides of extensor expansion of 2nd-5th digits;
Deep branch of ular nerve c8, T1

Front 28

Abduct 2nd-4th digits from axial line; act with lumbricals in flexing metacarpophalangeal joints and extending interphalangeal joints

Back 28

Dorsal interossei, 1st-4th;

Hint 28

Adjacent sides of two metacarpals (as bipennate muscles);
Bases of proximal phalanges, extensor expansions of 2nd-4th digits;
deep branch of ulnar nerve c8, T1

Front 29

Adduct 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits toward axial line; assist lumbricals in flexing metacarpophalangeal joints and extending interphalangeal joints, extensor expansion of 2nd -4th digits.

Back 29

Palmar interossei, 1st-3rd;

Hint 29

Palmar surface of 2nd,4th, and 5th metacarpals (as unipennate muscles);
phalanges, extensor expansions of 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits;
Deep branch of ulnar nerve c8, T1

Front 30

shoulder algorithum

Back 30

Sulcus + = MDI Superior GHL
Load and Shift A and P+ =
Speed's Test + =
O'Brien's Active Comp + =
Pain Provocation + =
Open/empty Can-modified drop arm + =
ER Lag "Spring back" + =
ER Lag teres + =
Lift off test or internal rotation lag sign + =
Cross- arm adduction + =
Ac shear + =
Hawkins- modified + =
Neer + =

Front 31

Radial nerve and branches

Back 31

R 567=B=Prox 2/3 SepicR=>LSDRProx St

R 67=ECRL=LSupepic R========>DBMC2

DR 78
ECRB = LEH===========>DBMC3
ECU=== LEH,PBUviaAPO=======>DBMC5
ED==== LEH================>EEM4D
EDM== LEH================> EE 5
Sup == LEH,RCALSFUC=======> LAP Prox 3rdR

PIN DR 78 =

EPB==PD3 R+I==========> DBPP1
E I==PD3 U+I===========> EE2
APL==PPrx 1/2 R+U+I=====> BMC 1
EPL == PM 3 U+I ========> DBDP1

Hint 31

11 MUSCLES

R 567 = B=[Mx FFamidProPos%rwFF]

R 67 = ECRL=[AbdE@W;ActDFIST]

DR 78
ECRB = [AbdE@W%ActDFIST]
ECU=== [AddE@W%ActDFIST]
ED==== [EMed4MPJ%IPJ]
EDM== [E5MPJ%IPJ]
Sup == [SFa;RRtPA;SifEF]

PIN DR 78 =

EPB=EPPT@MPJ;EMCP+CMCJ
E I= E2nd IDE%EH@W
APL= AbdET@CMCJ
EPL = EDPT@MPJ;EMCP+CMCJ

Front 32

Median nerve and branches

Back 32

M 67=FCR===MEH======>BMC2nd[FAbdH@W]
==== PT=MEH+CPU==> LSRmidCvxty[PFF@E]
M 78=PL==MEH======> Dis1/2FR,ApxPApo[FHPApT@W]
M781=FDS=MEH+CPU=>SftMidPMed4[FPPMed4@MPJ%FMidP@PIPJ]
M 81 = LumL=UP L2T FD=>LSEE25[FMPJ%EIP25]

AIM 81 =
====FDPL=PrxAM3/4U+I===>BDP25[FDP23@DIPJ]
====FPL = AS R+I =======>BDPT[FPT]
======PQ. = DisQASU====> DisQASR[PFa;dfibbind]

RBM 81 =
======APB = FRTTS ==> LSBPPT [ABdT helpsOit]
======FPBs = FRTTS ==> LSBPPT [FT]
======OP = FRTTS ====> LSMC1[OT,d1MCMtoCpmRM]

Hint 32

11 MUSCLES

M 67= 2

M 78 = 1
M 781 = 1
M 81 = 1

AIM 81 = 3

RBM 81 = 3

Front 33

Ulnar nerve and branches

Back 33

U 78 = FCU = CFT; PB via apo OLE===> HHPMC 5

U 81 = FDPm = ProxAM 3/4 U+I===> BDP 45

DU 81=
AP====T, 3rd MCASS
======O, 23 MCB+C+C;============>BPPTMs
DI=====BiP AdjS 2 mc;============> BPPEE24
ADM===Pisiform=================> BPP5Ms
FDMB===HHFR==================> BPP5Ms
Lumbm ==BiP M3T FDP============> LSEE25
OD===HHFR====================> MBMC5
PI ==UP ProxS MC 245============> BPPEE 245
FPBd==FRTTS==================>LSPPT

Hint 33

MUSCLES = 9
Action

U 78 = FCU = AddF@W


U 81 = FDPm = FPPMed4@MPJ%FMidP@PIPJ


DU 81=
AP= AdTLBorP
DI= Abd24fAxL;aLFMCPJEIPJ
ADM= Abd5%aFPP
FDMB= FPP5
Lumbm = FMPJ%EIP25
OD= d5th MCARBOT
PI =Add24fAxL;aLFMCPJEIPJ
FPBd= FT

Front 34

Ulnar

Back 34

Descends inferomedially and then directly inferiorly, deep to superficial (pronator teres and palmaris longus) and intermediate (flexor digitorum superficialis) layers of flexor muscles to reach medial side of forearm; passes superficial to flexor retinaculum at wrist in ulnar (Guyon) canal to enter hand

Hint 34

From:
As larger terminal branch of brachial artery in cubital fossa

Front 35

Anterior ulnar recurrent artery

Back 35

Passes superiorly between brachialis and pronator teres, supplying both; then anastomoses with inferior ulnar collateral artery anterior to medial epicondyle

Hint 35

Ulnar artery just distal to elbow joint

Front 36

Posterior ulnar recurrent artery

Back 36

Passes superiorly, posterior to medial epicondyle and deep to tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris; then recurrent artery anastomoses with superior ulnar collateral artery

Hint 36

Ulnar artery distal to anterior ulnar

Front 37

Common interosseous

Back 37

Passes laterally and deeply, terminating quickly by dividing into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

Hint 37

Ulnar artery in cubital fossa, distal to bifurcation of brachial artery

Front 38

Anterior interosseous

Back 38

Passes distally on anterior aspect of interosseous membrane to proximal border of pronator quadratus; pierces membrane and continues distally to join dorsal carpal arch on posterior aspect of interosseous membrane

Hint 38

As terminal branches of common interosseous artery, between radius and ulna

Front 39

Posterior interosseous aa

Back 39

Passes to posterior aspect of interosseous membrane, giving rise to recurrent interosseous artery; runs distally between superficial and deep extensor muscles, supplying both; replaced distally by anterior interosseous artery

Hint 39

As terminal branches of common interosseous artery, between radius and ulna

Front 40

Recurrent interosseous aa

Back 40

Passes superiorly, posterior to proximal radio-ulnar joint and capitulum, to anastomose with middle collateral artery (from deep brachial artery)

Hint 40

Posterior interosseous artery, between radius and ulna

Front 41

Palmar carpal branch aa

Back 41

Runs across anterior aspect of wrist, deep to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus, to anastomose with the palmar carpal branch of the radial artery, forming palmar carpal arch

Hint 41

Ulnar artery in distal forearm

Front 42

Dorsal carpal branch aa

Back 42

Passes across dorsal surface of wrist, deep to extensor tendons, to anastomose with dorsal carpal branch of radial artery, forming dorsal carpal arch

Hint 42

Ulnar artery, proximal to pisiform

Front 43

Radial aa

Back 43

Runs inferolaterally under cover of brachioradialis; lies lateral to flexor carpi radialis tendon in distal forearm; winds around lateral aspect of radius and crosses floor of anatomical snuff box to pierce first dorsal interosseous muscle

Hint 43

As smaller terminal branch of brachial artery in cubital fossa

Front 44

Radial recurrent aa

Back 44

Ascends between brachioradialis and brachialis, supplying both (and elbow joint); then anastomoses with radial collateral artery (from deep brachial artery)

Hint 44

Lateral side of radial artery, just distal to brachial artery bifurcation

Front 45

Palmar carpal branch aa

Back 45

Runs across anterior wrist deep to flexor tendons to anastomose with the palmar carpal branch of ulnar artery to form palmar carpal arch

Hint 45

Distal radial artery near distal border of pronator quadratus

Front 46

Dorsal carpal branch aa

Back 46

Runs medially across wrist deep to pollicis and extensor radialis tendons, anastomoses with ulnar dorsal carpal branch forming dorsal carpal arch

Hint 46

Distal radial artery in proximal part of snuff box

Front 47

Superficial palmar arch

Back 47

Curves laterally deep to palmar aponeurosis and superficial to long flexor tendons; curve of arch lies across palm at level of distal border of extended thumb

Hint 47

Direct continuation of ulnar artery; arch is completed on lateral side by superficial branch of radial artery or another of its branches

Front 48

Deep palmar arch

Back 48

Curves medially, deep to long flexor tendons; is in contact with bases of metacarpals

Hint 48

Direct continuation of radial artery; arch is completed on medial side by deep branch of ulnar artery

Front 49

Common palmar digitals

Back 49

Pass distally on lumbricals to webbing of digits

Hint 49

Superficial palmar arch

Front 50

Proper palmar digitals

Back 50

Run along sides of 2nd-5th digits

Hint 50

Common palmar digital arteries

Front 51

Princeps pollicis

Back 51

Passes along lateral side of index finger to its distal end

Hint 51

Radial artery as it turns into palm

Front 52

Dorsal carpal arch

Back 52

Arches within fascia on dorsum of hand

Hint 52

Radial and ulnar arteries