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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 chocolate processes
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roasting _> winnowing ->Couching-> tempering
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cleanings
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by hand
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roasting
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How long you roast determines how strong the flavor will be
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Winnowing
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The process of removing the outer shell is known as winnowing. The shells of the cacao seeds have been loosened and have become thin and brittle in the roasting process. In winnowing, the shells are cracked open and removed, along with the husk — a thin, papery membrane surrounding the seed. This step reveals the nib, the meaty part inside the seed that will become chocolat
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Conching
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Conching is the final step in determining the ultimate flavor and texture of the chocolate. The conching machine, so-called because the original designs resembled seashells, kneads and massages the chocolate mixture for 24-60 hours at 110 degrees. The speed, temperature, and length of the conching process determines the final texture and flavor of the chocolate, as conching smooths the chocolate and mellows any remaining acidic tones.
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Tpes of chcoolate
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Milk chcolate
Sweet chocolate Semisweew/bittersweet/Dark White |
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tempering
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For the best possible finished product, proper tempering is all about forming the most of the type V crystals. This will provide the best appearance and mouthfeel and creates the most stable crystals so the texture and appearance will not degrade over time. To accomplish this, the temperature is carefully manipulated during the crystallization.
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Chocolate may also be stimule ___ production which exerts a calming effect
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Dopamine is considered to be an endorphin
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amarican eat ow uch cocolate per year? calori?
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12.5 oz. 200 cal
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Can eatig a salad efore a meal help ypu lose weight? yes, it curbs your appetite?
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Depends on salad
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Can eatig a salad efore a meal help ypu lose weight? Yes, it fills your stomch
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depends on salad
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Can eatig a salad efore a meal help ypu lose weight? it aids in digestation allowing you to absorb nutrient
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DEPENDS ON SALAD
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What is satiety
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The feeling of fullness or absence of hunger
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Climatic friut
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contunue to ripen after harvest
development of color, flavor, and texture slow decay |
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Ex of Climacteric fruit
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apples, apricots, avocados, bananas, blackberries, kiwi, plums, peaches, pears, tomatoes.
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Non-climacteric frut
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Doesn't ripen after havesy
rapid decay |
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ex of non-climacteric fruit
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citrus, grapes, cherries, raspberries, strawberries and cashews.
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rection rates increse when
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temp increases
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reaction in living organisms are catalyzed
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by enzymes
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cut fruit and vegetables expose enzyme and substates...what does this do?
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Enzymatic browning is caused by the oxidation, the combining of oxygen with the pigments in fruit. Oxidation activates enzymes in the fruit, which in turn cause the browning process
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Are whole big appples sweeter/more flavorful than whole small ones
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The amount of sugar in an apple is an important factor in how flavorful it is. The sugar content of an apple depends on its size and variety.
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Size o fresh cut F & V?
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Sze of fruit cut doesnt matter in terms of quality
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Why does cut salad spoil faster after opening the package? (1)
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Modification of internal gas compisition in a package slows deterioration so when it's opened the air changes
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Why does cut salad spoil faster after opening the package? (2)
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Fresh frutis and vegetbles lower the level of O_2 while raising CO_28
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types of F & V pakcaging?
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Passive
active intelligent edible |
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passive packaging
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the comp. of the gas surrounding the prod is adj when the prod is packafes and changes oly due to product respiration with no or very little gas exchange through packaging material
--->Acts as a passive barrier to separate a product fr om its environment. |
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active packaging
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modify the atmosphere surrouning packeged food to extend shelf-life or imporve food safety while maintaining the quuality of the packaged food. Includes gas scavengers and emitters
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Gas scavenger
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is a chemical substance added to a mixture in order to remove or de-activate impurities and unwanted reaction products, for example oxygen, to make sure that they will not do any unfavorable reaction
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Intelligent packaging
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monitor condition of the pckeaged foods to give ingormation about the quality if the packeges food during transport and stotage
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edible
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starch, geletin, beezwax
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Fresh cut fruit diagram
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Clean-Cutting-Soaking-Packaging
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Name for Vitamin A
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Retinol
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Name for Vitamin C
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Ascorbic acid
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Name for Vitamin E
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tochoherol
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Where Vit. A comes from
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32% veggies
22% meat, poutry fish 20% dairy |
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Where Vit. C comes from
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43% fruit
47 veggies |
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Vit E sources
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Fats and oils 74%
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Even low fat menu items contain a lot of fat
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depends
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appetizers are often the fattiest part of the meal
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true
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most restaurants offer a wide array of lowfat products
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False
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you can substitute a small salad for a side order of french fries at no extra charge
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depends on restaurant
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Main factors that distinguish a fast food restaurant from other restaurants
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logistics of ordering
packaging preparation methods preprocessed |
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ex of logistics of ordering
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# of menu items
meals are numbered |
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Ex of packaging
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quick packaging
can be thrown away maintains food safety |
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Ex preparation method
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fries cut beforehand
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per-processed
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type of food
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What drives fast food?
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Convenience
Image Price |
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Convenience
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fast
no cutlery needed drive-thru |
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Image
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specialization
try to look family-friendly |
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price
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low-price specials
min wage |
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Accumulation of ___ in our arteries can lead to heart disease
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lipids
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High levels of _ and cholestrol in blood are indicators of increased risk while high levels of _ are indicators in decreased risk
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Lipoprotein
high density protein |
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___concerns are less important at fast-food restaurants than other foodservice outlets
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nutritional
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fast food food high in:
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sodium
fat low in fiber |
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pieces of equipment used for hot dog production
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stainless steel mixing container
linking machine smokehouse |
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color changes i hot dog & calories
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Myoglobin and hemoglobin proteins Sodium
100 cal nitrite |
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Is it possible for humans to survive on pet food? Np, pet foods contain contamients that make them unsafe for human consumption
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False
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Is it possible for humans to survive on pet food? No, dogs and cats have very different metabolic patters than humans
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True
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High moisture is considered
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>50%
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Intermediate moisure is considered
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30-50%
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Example of high moisure foods
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fruits
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Example of low moisture
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peanuts
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Intermediate-moisture foods
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baked goods
dates jams jerky moist pet foods pepperoni |
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Most intermediate moisure fooods do not require
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refrigeration
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Just because its moist doesn't mean it's stable. What's a good estimator?
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Water activity
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Water activity is related to the amount of ___ that is available in the food product
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free water
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What happens when sugars ad other polysaccharides bind with water?
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It's lowers water activity
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Basic definition of water activity?
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rate between the fugacity of water in a food and the fugacity of pure water
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what assumptions re needed for water activity?
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Ideal solution
equilibrium |
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water activity equation
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a_w= f/f_o = p/p_o
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f=
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fugacity or tendency of molecules in a liquid or mixture to escape to gas phase
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f_o
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fugacity of water
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p=
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vapor pressure of water in the liquid
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p_o
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vapor pressure of pure water under the same conditions
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calc aw
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The water activity scale extends from 0 (bone dry) to 1.0 (pure water) but most foods have a water activity level in the range of 0.2 for very dry foods to 0.99 for moist fresh foods. Water activity is in practice usually measured as equilibrium relative humidity (ERH).
The water activity (aw) represents the ratio of the water vapor pressure of the food to the water vapor pressure of pure water under the same conditions and it is expressed as a fraction. If we multiply this ratio by 100, we obtain the equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) that the foodstuff would produce if enclosed with air in a sealed container at constant temperature. Thus a food with a water activity (aw) of 0.7 would produce an ERH of 70%. |
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Most catdog foodis designed for the average pet
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little care is put into into specific breeds
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Puppies and kittens need calcium why?
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to avoid hyperparathyroidism
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Why can't pets have carbs?
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They don't have starch-degrading enzymes in saliva
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Pets can overdose how?
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Too much vitamin A and D and chocolat eand onions-+
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it's impossible for adult
to gain the proper nutrients from a diet less than __ calories |
1500 al
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An american eats
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>2000 cal
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peanut allegies occur when your immune system develops atibodies to peanut protein
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true
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Where do peanuts grow best?
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sandy soil with 5 moths of warm weather
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peanuts are good sources of
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vita b, z, protein, mg, fibers
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Monusturated and polysaturated are good fatty acids?
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yes they are good fatty acids
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peanuts are susceptible to aflatoxin a..?
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problem during storage in humid areas
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What are food allegergies?
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Immuoligical resposes to protein
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common allegeries
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peanuts
tree nuts gluton shellfish fish |
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symptos of allegeries
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nauseas
cramping vomiting respitory rashes |
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cause
off flavors in beverages |
depends on person
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is aspsrtame bad for you? no if is usef as sugas subs
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true
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What is aspartame
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aspartic acid
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3 main brands
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nutrasweet sweet n low equal
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5 tastes
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sweet sour savory bitter salty
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make soda
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water-dissolution-sterilization-flavor mixing-carbonation-filling
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difference b/t sucrose and sucralose?
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chlorine
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Heating foods in plastic containers releases toxins that cause cancer
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Depends on the plastics and chemical in it
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leaving certain plastics in the sun causes concer
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Depends on plastics
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Freezing water bottles can cause a harmful cheimcal change in the water
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it depends on type of plastic
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more foods have been linked to causing cancer than plastics
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false
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consumption of food via plasticware can cause cancer
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false
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what is bisphenol A
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by product-raw material of plotcarbonate manufacturing procesc
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What elemetns are in bisphenol a?
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h_3C CH_3
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plastic containeers that have wat recycle codes are likely to contin bpa
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codes 3 and 7
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BPA is most likely to be realeased when containers are
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heated
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BPA can be a hazrd to
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babies
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what is pp
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snacks and produce packaging
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LDPE
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shopping bags
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PET
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used for sodas
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PVOH
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also used for sodas
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PLA
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biodegradable
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Dr. Kong
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food engeneering
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the level of salt in our foods can be safely incorporated in our diets
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falso
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too much salt can case health implications
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false
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salt is needed for our health
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true but at very low levels
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how to make salted snacks
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mixing sheeting cutting reducing docking baking cooling cutting seperating packaging
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Sodium Chloride is
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in every food
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salt serves as a
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flavoring
preservative |
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salary
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dervided for salt. soldiers paid to monitier salt roads
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before industrial revolution
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salt was expensive 20x more expensive
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salt obtained from
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evaperated sea water
mining boiling of brine |
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reconmmended consuption of salt
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5-7g
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food grade salt
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kosher
table salt sea salt |
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rosks over overconsumption of salt
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high blood pressure
200 mg reqiremnt extracellurar ion |
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reduce sodium
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silent reduction of sodium in foods
ban foods high in sodium reduction by a certain percentage and beeing monitored |
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salt goal
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less than 5g
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Organinc frms are smaller and dont make as much money
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depends but genrally true
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obtaining and maintain USDA certified organic status is expensive
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false
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orgainic food ha a hgher quality food
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false
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organic is a ____ __ that inicates that the food has been throug ___ __
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labeling term
approved methos |
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Organic promotes foster cycling of resources, promote ___ balance nd conserve __-
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ecological
biodiversity |
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what cannot be used in organic frming
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genetic engineering, synthetic fertilizers
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Fertilizers needed to sustain agricultural usage
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N P K
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organic fertlizers
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can be produced from animal manure, peat, swwweed
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the orgnic ferti
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retain more soil moisture
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animal manure
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fine in N K low in P
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reduce pestices
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intergrated mest management
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ipm
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gathering bilogical information on the pest. develop pest-resistant variable sand impliment biological control
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risks in OF
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Molds viruses parasites bacteria
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jprice of organic product is
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grown and shipped locally
affected by ecomony of scale |
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USDA cerification
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helps protects agaisnt false claims
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fruits and veggies sipped at optiml maturity
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more nutriends
better flavor shorter shelf lige |
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more costly methods to produce
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farms not as mechanized
no illegal labor logistics of crop production ore expensive |
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consumers of organic farming
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willing to may more luxury item
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the nitrate in spinach reduces need for oxygen
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false
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produce nitric oxide in the mouth which lowers blood pressure
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depends on how much and how often eat spinach
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improved uscle effeciency
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depends on how much and how often eat spinach
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spinach is a good source
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dietary fiber, vit a and c, minerals
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oxalic acid
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in spinachbinds minerals making it hard to absorb during digestion
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spinach high in
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nitrate
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nitrate good by
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lowering blood pressure
enhanching muscles efficiency |
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fruts and veggie diet low in vita
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b12
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carboxylic acid
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r-cooh
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most famous organic acids
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oxalic
malonic malic |
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oxalix acid in
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spinac clover
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malonic in
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wheat
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mailc in
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oranges apples
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why vegetarian?
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animal cruely
religion health |
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__itrogen fertilization leads to
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higher levels of salt
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spiach packaging
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unloading
sep of leaves weighing removal of dirt inspection two stages of washing blanchinh dewatering packaging metal det |
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preservatives have deliberately put there to increase prrofits
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true
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preservatives mask spoilge
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f
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spices are
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often blended
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alspic, cloves and garlic have
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antimicrobial properties
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Rosemary
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antioxidant
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nutmeg and parsley
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myristicin
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spices are treated with
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irrdiation
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spices loose potency due to
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expsure to ait, making it oxidize and surface area
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irri of foods: safety
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detroys spoilage and pathogenic microbes
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irra of foods: pest control
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destroys insects
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irra of foods: dely sprouting and ripenings
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inhibits srouting
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irra of foods: sterlization
|
sterlize foods
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irra of foods
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safety
pest control delay sprouting and ripening sterlization |
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how irradiation
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gamma
x-ray e-bean |
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foods tht can be irradated
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beef
pork poultry shell eggs spices |
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food additive, ingeriend, preservative
|
same thing. anything added to a food to main or increase----->
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Increase--->
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safetly
freshness nutritional value taste texture appearence |
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food adddtives must be certified as safe by
|
toxity testing
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most food additives are
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Generally Recognized As Safe
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Six new fooed addtives
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sucrasole
aspartamine |
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insects provide body with much needed butrient
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it depends
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safe to eat/ yes if cooked prop
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ture except if ppoisonus insect
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europens have been eating them for years
|
f
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bugs exteriors are fatty
|
f
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carry dieease
|
f
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insects sourses of
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fat and protien
vitmins |
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good insects
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butterfly larvae,
roaches, grasshoppers ants worms |
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greatest brriers for insects
|
cultural disgust
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shripms and insects are
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not different
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a cup of coffee a day is good for your health
|
true
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caffine is addictive
|
true
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you can drink as much caffine as you want until you start to get jitter
|
f
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coffee is unhealthy when with crreams sugar
|
f
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drinking caffeine past a certain time of the day affect your sleep
|
deppends onn person
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coffee production
|
blending
roasting grinding brewing |
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blending of coffee
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a mixutre of different types of coffee cheres for certain flavors
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instant coffee prod
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spray dried
freeze dried |
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decaf coffee means
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50% reduction of caffene
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how to decaffinte
|
before roasting, add organic solvents and CO2
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what is caffiene?
|
a stimulant
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consequences of caffiene
|
isomnia, nervosness physological responses, osteoporosis
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caffeine benifits
|
stimulates urine production
relaxes skeletal musles increase oxygen consumrion (antioxidant-rich) |
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Genetically modified foods cause cancer
|
f
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geniefically modief foods banned them but we eat them daily
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dpends o what you eat
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Dont be concerned about gmo becuz they have been rested and there is no prblem
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dpends on the foods and what ypu consider a problem
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no, tthey are essential weapon in fighting world hunger
|
false
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GMO aka
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gene technology
genetc egineering genetic modification |
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Wht is genetic engeeering
|
modification of DNA to change a characterisitc of a organism
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how to transfer GM to crops
|
agrobacterium
microprojectiles |
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how to genietically modigy
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increasing or decreasing activity of a specific enzmye
|
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benifits gmo
|
high yeilds
old resistant pest contol drought resistant |
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cons of gmp crops
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toxins harmful to humans
evolution of toxin-tolerant pests harmful to beinificial insects |
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of gmo is insect resistance
|
bacillus bcterium
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virus resistsnce
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pathogenic virus
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herbicde
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bacerium
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risk assesment of gmo
|
toxicity
tendency to provide allergic reaction stability nutritional affects |
|
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ge crops
|
corn
cotton soybean canola rapeseed |
|
|
gives tomoato red coloring
|
lycopene
|
|
|
benifits of lycopenw
|
antioxidant
reduce risk of proste cancer |
|
|
freshman 15
|
easy access to food
over snacking stress all you can eat dinning halls |
|
|
tomoato suce
|
grading
washing sorting peeling sorting breaking extractio dearation |
|
|
type of cheese
|
hard
soft semi soft |
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|
Materials on the cell surface such as sugar polymers, glycoproteins, and microfilaments ___ adhesion of cells to other surfaces.
|
increase
|
|
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monosaccarides
|
frucose
glucose galacose |
|
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disaccarides
|
sucrose
lactose |
|
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polyscrride s
|
starch
|
|
|
high fructose corn syrup
|
starch-enzyme and temperatre
|
|
|
sterilization
|
12 reductions
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