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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the factors contributing to the development of disease in a calf that has been stressed?
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off feed and water 24-72 hours-- decreased blood glucose, decreased interstitial water space
rumen microbes starved catabolic |
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What do stressed calves like to eat?
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energy dense (70% concentrate)
eat less (~33% less) |
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What are the pros and cons of an all hay diet?
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no gain
weight loss during receiving period low morbidity and mortality |
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How much concentrate is in a reasonable ration during the receiving period?
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50-75%
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Does energy or protein have more of an impact on ADG in the receiving period?
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protein
(increasing energy did not alter gain of feed efficiency) |
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Stressed dehydrated calves have a ___ deficiency much like baby calves with scours.
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potassium
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How long does it take for supplements to show a benefit in the ration?
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days to weeks
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What are the supplementation rates for selenium, copper and zinc?
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selenium 0.3ppm
copper 10-20 ppm zinc 75-100 ppm |
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What is utilized better Cu lysine or Cu SO4?
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Cu Lysine
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Which of the following does chromium affect?
gain immunologic parameters insulin concenrations feed intake feed efficiency |
INCREASED:
immunologic parameters insulin concentrations |
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How often should feed be offered during the receiving period?
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at least twice a day
bunk should not be empty for more than 15-30min a day |
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What is the benefit of bunks on the ground?
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promote saliva production = less acidosis in dairy cows
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How can you attract calves to the water trough?
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leave it running for the first few days
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How can you decrease algae?
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add clorox
2 tsp/100gallons/week |
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Low cost feeds and pasture should be the goal of the ____ operation.
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stocker
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What endophyte fungus is found on Ky31 tall fescue?
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Acremonium coenophialum
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What causes fescue toxicosis?
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the fungus A. coenophialum produces ergot alkaloids like ergovaline
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ADG decreases ____ lbs for every ___% increase in fungal contamination of fescue.
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0.1lb
10% |
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When do you tend to see the signs of fescue toxicosis?
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ambient temp >88F
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What are some other problems associated with endophyte positive fescue?
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fescue foot
fat necrosis poor pregnancy rates decreased birth weights |
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where is the concentration of ergot alkaloid the highest on the plant? How can you reduce this?
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seed heads
*store seeds for 1-2 years before planting *fertilize pasture to promote competitors |
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Legume pastures are a bloat risk. What is in legumes that produce foam?
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protein
saponins |
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Which clover is most likely to cause bloat?
ladino, red, white |
ladino
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grain bloat looks like legume bloat. It may be due to ?
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slime producing protozoa
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Are old or young cattle more likely to bloat?
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young
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What is the difference between primary bloat and secondary bloat?
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primary is due to diet
secondary is due to a disroder of the esophagus, vagal indigestion, pneumonia... |
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Ruminal distension (L paralumbar fossa) is a classic sign of bloat. What are some other signs?
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open mouth breathing
Salivation Dyspnea Sudden Death |
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What are some feeding techniques for preventing bloat?
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feed hay prior to grazing pasture
adapt to pasture slowly restrict grazing time harvest feed |
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What are the 3 mechanisms by which ionophores benefit the host?
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increase efficiency of ENERGY metabolism of ruminal bacteria
improve NITROGEN metabolism of rumen bacteria retadation of digestive disorders resulting from abnormal rumen fermentaiton |
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What 2 species are suscetible to ionophore toxicosis?
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HORSES
sheep |
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Estradiol acts centrally to increase frequency of ___ secretion
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GH
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Why shouldn't you use implants on bulls?
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decreases sperm production
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What was the unidentified growth factor noted in chicks that grew with b-12 supplementation in early studies?
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clortetracycline
(fermentation of Streptomyces aureofaciens) |
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What are the mechanisms of growth promotion by subtherapeutic antibiotics in feed?
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Direct biochemical effects?
Generation of vitamins and growth factors Lowering of pathogens |
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How long does it take for a cow to adapt to a new diet?
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a week or longer
transfaunation may help reduce time |
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How long does it take for the microflora to self correct after an abrupt change in ration (ie: slug feeding)?
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24-48 hours
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High concentrations of undissociated acids will (increase/decrease) rumen motility via ____.
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decrease
simulation of inhibitory epithelial receptors *this allows for absorption of the acids and self-correction |
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____ are killed at a pH of 5.5
____ are killed at a pH of 4.5 |
protozoa
S. bovis (starts lactate production) *lactobacillus is acid resistant |
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What are the consequences of a low rumen pH?
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decreased conversion of lactate to proprionate
increased amylase: starch -> glucose enhanced absorption of acids -> systemic acidosis decreased rumen motility |
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during ruminal acidosis, osmolality increases. What is the result of this?
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water goes into rumen
death of gram negative bacteria-> endotoxemia |
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What form of lactate do animal tissues produce?
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L lactate
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Lactic acid corrodes the wall of the rumen. What can this lead to?
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parakeratosis
liver damage secondary to bacterial showers |
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How would you treat ruminal acidosis?
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fluids
rumen lavage bicarb antibiotics Slaughter |
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What are sources of NPN?
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Urea
Anhydrous Ammonia Rice Hulls Cottonseed Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Salts (fertilizers) |
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Describe the optimum environment and conversion proccess of urea to NH3.
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pH= 8.0
Temp= 49C Rapid Exothermic Alkaline products |
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How long does it take for the liver to LOSE adaptation to using high levels of urea?
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24-48 hours
can be a problem if they go off feed |
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Does ammonia undergo more ion trapping in a pH of 8.4 or 6.4?
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6.4
bases trapped at pH<pka NH4+ |
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During Urea toxicosis are cows systemically alkalotic or acidotic?
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acidotic: hyperammonemia interferes with Krebs Cycle, lactic acidemia
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What are these signs for?
dullness tremors salivation defecation urination tachypnea incoordination protration tetany death (20-120 min post feeding) |
Urea toxicosis
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Ketosis and Fatty liver do not occur because of NEB bu because of ______.
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failure of the adaptive mechanisms
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What are the obligate glucose using tissues?
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mammary
fetus |
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What do Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Growth hormone act like in comparison to insulin and glucagon?
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Norepi/Epi: stimulate lypolysis = glucagon
Growth hormone: NEFA release = glucagon |
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During NEB:
lipolysis-> NEFAs-> liver makes ketones What goes wrong to allow for hepatic lipidosis? |
liver cannot keep up making ketones, Triglycerides accumulate in the liver
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What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 ketosis?
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type 1: very little triglyceride accumulation in liver
type 2: fatty liver |
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98% cases of ketosis occur when?
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first 8 weeks of lactation
*peak incidence between weeks 3-5 |
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Where are blood ketones the highest?
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mammary vein
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How do milk ketones and urine ketones relate to blood ketones?
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milk ketones strongly correlate to blood ketones
urine ketones are higher |
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What is crutching?
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shearing around vulva and udder
can be a stress |
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What are some of the clinical pathologies associated with pregnancy toxemia?
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hypoglycemic
ketonemia proteinuria aciduria |
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What is the ideal treatment for pregnancy toxemia?
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get those babies out
increase feed quality, grain, avoid stress |
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Where does fat accumulate first in the liver?
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centrilobular
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What are some fresh cow diesases associated with fatty liver in the cow?
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retained placenta
displacements mastitis metritis hypocalcemia ketosis |
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What do cows do with propylene gycol?
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small amount is degraded to proprionic acid
most is absorbed by digestive tract and converted to glucose in the liver increases plasma insulin and reduces NEFA Decreases intake |
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Which vitamin has anti-lipolytic properties?
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B3- niacin
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What does carnitine do?
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transfers LCFAs to mitochondria for oxidation
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Milk fever aka _____ is hypocalcemia assocated with calving in dairy cows.
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parturient paresis
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What are the Calcium requirements of a cow in early milk? How much of this can she meet with her body stores?
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50 g
13 g (3-4 serum, 10 bone) |
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What hormone inhibits Calcium mobilization?
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estrogen
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Put these cows in order of risk for developing milk fever.
holsteins, milking shorthorns, jerseys brown swiss, aryshires |
jerseys> hosteins, brown swiss> milking shorthorns, aryshires
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what is the problem with measuring serum Calcium?
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serum calcium measures total calcium
only ionized form is active (40-45%) |
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Early signs of milk fever are different than mid-late signs... How?
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early: mild excitement, tetany, tachycadic, hyperthermic
mid-late: sternal recumbency, depression, flaccid paralysis, tachycardic, hypothermic, dilated unresponsive pupils |
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What are the differential diagnoses for milk fever?
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mastitis, peritonitis, metritis, pneumonia
Musculoskeletal injury acute ruminal acidosis, urea toxicity hypomagnesemia |
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what is the clin path for milk fever?
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hypophosphatemic
hypermagnesemia hyperglycemic |
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How do you know when you've administered enough Calcium to treat milk fever? How do you know if its too much?
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increased awareness
heartrate slows increased amplitude of HR eructate urinate defecate muscle twitching DEAD |
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What is a creeper cow?
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no longer hypocalcemic
hypophosphatemic |
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what are the benefits of an acidic (anionic) diet in the dry period?
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enhances the release of Ca from bone
increases the sensitivity of PTH receptors increases ionized calcium |
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Sows get "milk fever" too. What is their primary sign?
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unexplained lameness
long bone fractures |
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What is Grass tetany?
What are some other names for this condition? |
hypomagnesemia
winter tetany barley poisoning wheat poisoning oat poisoning |
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What minerals decrease the absorption of Mg? What feeds would these be in?
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Nitrogen --
Potassium-- fertilzer, poutry litter, old pastures |
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Low magnesium inhibits ____ and ___ which may contribute to milk fever.
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PTH Vit D
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What cattle are more likely to develop grass tetany?
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angus> lactating beef cattle> gestating beef cattle> stocker cattle/ milk fed calves
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What are the normal functions of magnesium?
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maintain normal resting membrane potential of nervous tissue
enzyme systems ATP production |
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What is the difference between grass tetany and winter tetany?
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grass tetany: belligerent, ataxic, tremors, salivation, bruxism, seizures
winter tetany: alert down cow |
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How much Mg should you supplement a gestating/lactating cow ?
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10-20g/day
30 days prior to expected problems |
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What is a nidus?
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serves as a source for a urinary caliculi to form on/around
virus, bacteria, epithelial cells, debris |
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why are young castrated males predisposed to urinary calculi?
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reduced urethral diameter
feedlot lambs-- high protein diet |
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This calculi occurs as a single irregular shape due to poor quality hay or sand ingestion.
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silicate
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This calculi occurs in multiple smooth stones. Common in feedlot animals due to their high grain diet (alkaline)
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struvite
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This calculi often occurs in ruminants on clover-rich pastures.
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oxalates
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What are some of the clinical signs of urinary calculi?
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anorexia, tail movement, tenesmus, weight shifting in rear legs, abdominal pain
dripping urine crystals on prepuce distended bladder water belly: edema between scrotum and prepuce |
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calculi often block the distal tip of the urethra in sheep. What is the treatment?
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cut off the filiform appendage
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Why would you do a high heifer over a low heifer urethrostomy?
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high heifers allow you catheterize the bladder
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Which of these minerals are easily absobed?
Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cl, S |
Na, Cl, K --> easily absorbed
Mg, P, Ca, S --> poorly absorbd |
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This mineral is involved in Glutathione peroxidase, cell membranes, iodothyronine deioninase.
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Selenium
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What muscles are most susceptible to white muscle disease?
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diaphragm
heart tongue skeletal muscle |
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What causes mulberry heart disease in pigs?
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selenium deficiency
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If you inject a cow with selenium, how long will it last as a prevention? as a treatment?
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prevention: 2-4 weeks
treatment: 2-4 days |
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Lysyl oxidase contains Cu, what does it do?
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cross linking of collagen
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what copper enzyme converts tyrosine to melanin to create hair color?
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tyrosinase
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What copper enzyme contributes to the formation of melanin?
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cytochrome oxidase
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What mineral is involved in the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine?
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copper
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achromotrichia and swayback are due to ___ deficiency.
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copper
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What is the appropriate ratio of Cu: Mb?
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6:1
Molybdenum interferes with copper absorption |
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parakeratosis is likely due to __ deficiency.
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zinc
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serum __ increases with stress while ___ decreases with stress.
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zinc increases
copper decreases |
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What is the differenve between organic and inorganic forms of minerals?
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organics: retained better
inorganic: more available |
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What vitamin is a component of pyruvate dehydrogenase and erythrocyte transketolase?
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thiamine (B1)
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Strongylids and coccidia compete with the host for ___.
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thiamine
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thiamine deficiency leads to ____ in ruminants and ____ in chicks.
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polioencephalomalacia
polyneuritis |
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What are some dietary sources that may cause thiamine deficiency inspite of adequate amounts in the diet?
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bracken fern (thiaminase)
amprolium/ sulfates (antimetaboliites) |
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thiamineases are more active in what type of environments?
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acid (feedlots)
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what are the clinical signs associated with thiamine deficiency?
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blindness with NORMAL pupil reflexes
convulsions opisthotonus down/dead |
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which feed affects rumen pH more, corn silage or grain?
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grain--> rumen microbes go haywire and produce lactate (can decrease rumen pH dramatically)
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What type of polio is nonresponsive to thiamine supplementation?
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high sulfate
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How long is Vitamin A stored in the liver?
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4-6 months
so as long as they have good feed through summer they should not become deficient during winter |
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low vitamin a is associated with increased ______.
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somatic cell counts
in mastitis cases |
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What is a source of vitamin D?
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sun!
sun cured forages |
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Why does vitamin E decrease in the periparturient period?
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decreasing serum lipoproteins
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what is the active form of Vitamin D?
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1-25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol
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What is the most potent form of Vitamin E?
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alpha tocopherol
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What is the most abundant form of Vitamin E in plants
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gamma tocopherol
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Vitamin E sometimes helps to decrease the incidence of milk fever in cows if given in a time frame. what is that time frame?
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24-96 hours pre parturition
*megadoses not good. |
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which B vitamin contains cobalt?
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b12
cyanocobalmin |
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what color is B12?
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red
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B complex vitamins are what color?
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yellow
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which vitamin encourages propionate metabolism?
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b12
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what vitamin decreases the release of fat?
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b3
niacin |
