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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do you need to know in order to feed a food animal?
|
weight
growth rate bcs physiologic state age gender environment |
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T/F: heifers have a greater maintenance energy requirement than steers.
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False.
They are the same |
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grazing cows have _________ % higher maintenance requirements than penned cows.
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20-50 %
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lactating cows have ____% higher maintenance requirements than dry cows.
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20%
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Implants decrease gain requirement by _____ %
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5-20%
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what are the products of carbohydrate breakdown in the rumen? How many carbons do they have?
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acetate (2C)
propionate (3C) butyrate (4C) |
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What do you need in order for microbial protein synthesis?
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a nitrogen source and a carbon source
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Does it make sense to feed a cow a high quality protein? Why or Why not?
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no. The microbes degrade the protein and resynthesize microbial protein. As long as there is a carbon source they will continue to synthesize protein.
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How does the cow make use of microbial protein?
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Lysozyme: excreted in the abomasum... breaks down the cell walls of microbes
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What is the primary precursor for glucose in the cow?
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propionate
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Why is the cow constantly gluconeogenic?
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microbes use all the glucose... so very little/none makes it to the intestine.
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What are the gluconeogenic precursors in the cow?
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propionate (30-50%)
lactate (10%) glycerol (5%) amino acids (10%) |
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Which are the primary gluconeogenic amino acids used in the cow?
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Alanine
glutamine aspartate |
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What is the product formed after incomplete oxidation of fatty acids?
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Acetoacetate
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what are the 3 sources of beta-OH butyrate?
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1- enzymatic conversion of acetoacetate in the cytosol
2- butyrate (rumen microbes) 3- silages |
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where does acetone come from?
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slow, spontaneous conversion of acetoacetate to acetone
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Grazing occurs in cycles. How do these cycles match up with ruminating?
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there's little to no grazing during rumination
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What is the grazing cycle of the cow like?
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twice a day (like meals)
grazing lessens or stops when it is hot (midday) |
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why don't cows graze when it is HOT?
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rumination produces heat... so the cow doesn't want to produce more heat when they are already hot. They have limited ways to cool their bodies (do not sweat)
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if you want the highest animal performance from grazing, what stage/plant part do you need in the pasture?
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Vegetative leaves
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T/F: overgrazing can be just as bad as undergrazing.
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true
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overgrazing is a problem for photosynthesis why? it depletes what?
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Overgrazing results in the loss of leaves to perform photosynthesis.
Causes depletion of root reserves |
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_____ stimulates fatty acid synthesis in adipose, and directs lipoproteins to adipose.
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insulin
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____ stimulates gluconeogenesis
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glucagon
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_____ stimulates release of amino acids from muscle to make glucose.
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Corticosteroids
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what 3 tissues are always insulin independent
|
mammary
propionate uptake by liver fetus |
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What are pones?
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area deposits of backfat
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What cut is the longissimus?
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ribeye
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Older dairy cows tend to produce more ____ with greater _____.
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Igs
specificity to the pathogens in the environment |
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What chemical induces parturition?
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Ach from fetus signals cow to release steroids.... (so you can give dexamethasone to induce)
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Which Ig is transferred from blood into udder?
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IgG
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Which Ig's are produced locally?
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IgA and IgM
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How does the calf, lamb, and piglet absorb Ig's???
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pinocytosis into lymphatics by specialized muscosal cells
*closure may be delayed with lack of feeding |
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What other important immune factors does colostrum contain?
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lymphocytes
lactoferrin lactoperoxidase |
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what is the ideal amount of colostrum?
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10% BW in 6-24hours
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What vitamin is VERY high in Colostrum? which vitamin is moderately increased? somewhat?
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Very: Vit A
Mod: Vit E Somewhat: B vitamins |
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_____ restriction in late gestation will decrease colostral VOLUME.
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Protein
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_____ in calves is associated with dystocia or prolonged stage 2 of labor (had decreased IgG absorption)
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Respiratory acidosis
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What diseases can be transmitted via colostrum?
|
Cattle: BLV & Johnes
Goats: CAE |
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1AU = ?
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1000 lb mature cow
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how much dry forage does 1AU require per month?
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750lb/ mo
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highest animal performance is acheived when grazing _____ (part of the plant).
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leaves
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____ is repetitive defoliation before restoration of root reserves.
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overgrazing
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____ allows the development of old leaves that do not photosynthesize well
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undergrazing
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what are the 4 methods of grazing we learned about?
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continuous
rotational strip creep |
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What is the most common method of gazing?
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continous
*1 pasture for everyon |
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what is the stocking rate cows/acer in VA? in TX?
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VA: 2-2.5 acres/cow
TX: 25 acres/cow |
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What are the grasses that originated in North America?
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big bluestem
gama grass switchgrass |
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Bluegrass
Orchardgrass Tall fescue timothy what category forage? |
cool season grasses
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what are some cool season legumes?
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alfalfa
white clover red clover |
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lespedeza is a ____ season ___.
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warm season legume
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C3 plants tend to have higher ____ due to an increased concentration of plant enzyme ____.
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protein
rubisco |
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T/F: C4 plants are more efficient users of water and thus have higher yeilds per unit of water.
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True
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what nutrients are needed to support microbial growth?
|
sugar
starch fructans pectin substances beta glucans |
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if you are feeding a cool season grass, you might need to supplement ___.
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energy
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if you are feeding a warm season grass, you might need to supplement ____.
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protein
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a higher ADF = increased _____
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digestibility
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T/F: NDF is the "bulk"
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true
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what do you have to be careful with when feeding a high bulk diet and urea?
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urea = lots of ammonia and no usable carbon source (can't digest all that bulk)
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T/F: corn is a warm season grass
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true
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of the VFAs ___ is used for energy and fat synthesis.
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acetate
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of the VFAs ____ is most effienct for glucose synthesis in the liver
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propionate
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of the VFAs ____ is used as a fuels by rumen mucosa
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butyrate
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___ is excreted in the abomasum of ruminants. it breaks down the cel walls of microbes.
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lysozyme
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Why are the majority of plant lipids that enter the rumen saturated?
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reducing environment
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what happens if there are too many lipids in the diet (>6%)?
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microbial activity is impaired
= soap |
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what are the top five feedstuffs for the southeast?
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soybean meal
corn grain corn forage soybean hulls whole cottonseed |
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before you feed a food animal you need to know7 things.
|
weight
growth rate BCS physiologic state age gender environment |
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T/F: bos indicus breeds require more energy than the bos taurus breeds
|
false
bos indicus require the least |
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T/F: bulls require about 30% more enrgy than steers.
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false
15% more |
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how does restricting feed decrease requirements?
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decreasing the viscera size
*10-50% |
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____ and ___ may increase during catabolic stress due to fat and muscle breakdown.
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glycerol
amino acids: alanine, glutamine, aspartate |
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what ketone body is mainly from the incomplete oxidatio of fatty acids?
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acetoacetate
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what ketone body is from silages?
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beta hydroxy butyrate
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what does it mean for a tissue to be insulin independent? which tissues are insulin independent?
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the tissue requires glucose regardless of insulin:glucagon ratio
mammary liver fetus |
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a cow in negative energy balance will lose weight and generate ____ Mcals/ kg of body weight change.
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3-7
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IgG is transferred from blood to the udder, ___ and ___ are produced locally... all of which end up in the colostrum.
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IgA IgM
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The goal is to feed ____ % of body weight in colostrum .
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10 %
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what are some factors that can decrease Ig content in stored colostrum?
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cooling
heating |
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How long will colostrum keep?
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frozen for 1 year
use within 48 hours of thawing |
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T/F: calves will absorb more Ig if left in the presence of the dam.
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true
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what are good levels of calf serum protein and calf plasma protein in assessing IgG absorption in calves?
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calf serum protein > 5.0 g/dl
calf plasma protein > 5.5 g/dl |
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what diseases can be transmitted via colostrum?
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Johnes
BLV |
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How long must milk be withheld (not for human consumption) after calving if the cow was given ANTIBIOTICS during the dry period? what is this milk called?
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72-96 hours
transition milk |
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what are the pros and cons of feeding mastitic milk?
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pros: inexpensive, contains relative Ig to farm
cons: pathogens, low level AB, should be pasteurized |
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most milk replacers contain (whey or casein).
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whey
*byproduct of cheese production |
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how long do calves get fed milk?
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6-12 weeks
*waste milk (transition/mastitic) *milk replacer |
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what are the byproducts of butter production?
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fat
skim millk (casein, Nonfat dry milk) |
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if you have to pick one species of milk replacer to carry on your truck, which would you choose (calf, lamb, kid, or pig)?
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lamb
*has average protein and the highest fat = pretty good for all |
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Calves can become sensitized to soy protein if you feed it before ____ (age).
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3 weeks
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T/F: you should offer the calf grain, hay, and water within the first week.
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false
*do not offer hay until weaning |
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when do you wean a dairy calf from milk replacer?
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when consuming 1-2lbs of starter (6-12 wk)
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if a calf is experiencing environmental stress what can you do to improving your feeding?
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increase fat content of the milk
feed 3x.day warm milk (subzero temps) |
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can you give electrolytes in the milk bottle? what is the recommendation?
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no
*interferes with clotting of milk *rotate electrolytes with milk every 4 hours, do not keep off milk for more than 24 horus |
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what is the term fo feeding milk replacer with higher fat and protein?
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accelerated feeding
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how can a piglet become iron deficient?
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no dirt
fe transfer in placenta/milk is poor rapid growth |
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Hemoglobin of less that ___ is indicative of anemia in pigs
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8 g/dl
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what does a hypoglycemi piglet look like?
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ataxic, shivering, weak vocals, hypothermic, coma, seizures, death
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what would the blood glucose be of a piglet that is hypoglycemic?
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<50mg/dl
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what percent of the herd is 1st calf heifers?
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30-35%
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Lifetime production is maximized in heifers that calve at what age?
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22-24 mo
*after 24 mo they cost 1-3$ a day |
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when do you want a heifer to reach puberty?
|
600lb/ 11 mo
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when do you want a heifer to conceive?
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800lb/ 15 mo
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when do you want a heifer to calve?
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22-24 mo
1200-1400 lb BCS 3-3.5 |
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How much does a new calf weigh?
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80 lb
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how much does the placenta and uterine fluids weigh?
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80lb
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how much should a heifer gain per month?
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50lbs/ mo lean
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you are feeding your calves grain and hay. they have big bellies. what do you know about the diet from that?
|
too much hay (bulky hay at that)
grain develops the rumen |
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decoquinate, lasalocid, and monensin are all types of ___. lasalocid and monensin are also ____.
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coccidiostats
ionophores |
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from 6 mo to breeding at 13-16 mo wht should the feeding guidelines be for a dairy heifer?
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high quality hay or pasture
corn silage (LIMIT to 1/2 intake) small grain silage 1-8 lbs of concentrate |
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What happens to a heifer that gets fat around puberty?
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-- deposit fat in the udder may decrease milk production
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T/F: puberty is influenced more by age than weight.
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false
WEIGHT |
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how long should you lead feed concentrates to a dairy heifer?
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1-2 mo prior to parturition
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what is a springing heifer?
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heifer about to calve
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what is a wet two?
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first calf heifer with the calf at her side
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Dairy cows with a BCS above 3.5 are more likely to experience problems such as....
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dystocia
decreased feed intake = hepatic lipidosis = ketosis |
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what are some contributing factors to udder edema?
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excess salt intake
corn silage |
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how do you monitor a nutrition program?
|
body weight
height condition scores |
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how much do the bunk space requirments increase from the time a dairy heifer is 4 mo old to the time she is 21 months old?
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3x
4 mo = 6 inches 21 mo= 18 inches |
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at breeding a beef heifer should weigh ___% of the dam's mature weight.
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65 %
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What are the age landmarks (goals) for developing beef heifers?
1-calve 2- pregnant 3- puberty |
calve at 24 mo
pregnant at 15 mo puberty at 12-13 mo |
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How does the beef heifer differ from the dairy heifer?
|
beef heifers obtain more nutrients from the dam prior to weaning
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What is the target weight gain/day for a beef heifer?
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1-2 lbs/day
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when should implants be put in the beef heifer? what happens if its too early? too late?
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between 30-45 days
too early = puberty delayed too late = puberty delayed *this is particularly bad for heifers, but doesn't matter for steers |
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When is a beef calf generally weaned?
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6-8 mo
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T/F: calves drink less milk if they have creep feed available.
|
false
calves drink the same amount of milk regardless. |
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Should you always offer a creep feed to calves?
|
no
* more cost effective to offer if pasture is poor... creep feeding only helps the calf, not the cow. |
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what inputs/management information do you need in order to make decisions about a heifer program?
|
calving season
average cow weight cow breed sire breed weaning date weaning weight desired number of days heifers should calve before cows |
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When are the nutrient requirements of the beef cow the highest?
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calving to breeding
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when are the nutrient requirements of the cow the lowest?
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mid gestation
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the easiest time to put weight on a cow is _____.
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first 60-100 days post weaning
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T/F: protein requirements of the cow and heifer are the same.
|
true
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T/F: energy requirements of the heifer and cow are the same.
|
false
energy requirements are greater for the heifer *protein requirements are teh same for both |
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How can you decrease feed costs for beef heifers? (2)
|
1- grouping cows by BCS/physiologic state
2- analyze hay/ pasture and do not supplement unnecessarily |
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Cool season grasses need ___ supplement usually.
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energy
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warm season grasses need ____ supplement usually.
|
protein
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a cow with a 13.5 mo calving interval will lactate ideally for ___ days and be dry for ___ days.
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lactate: 350 days
dry: 60 days |
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T/F: feed intake increases as the cow nears parturition (weeks).
|
false
decreases... especially if the cow is fat, which is why fat cows tend toward ketosis |
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describe an ideal feeding system for dry cows.
|
two groups
far off: good quality hay or pasture + mineral close up: increased nutrient concentration, adapt to lactating cow ration |
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Silage intake should be limited to ___ lbs/cow/day for DRY cows
|
25lbs
|
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why shouldn't dry cows be allowed to eat the bunk refusals of lactating cows?
|
once the lactating cows pick through it, it is no longer balanced
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How long is a limited dry period?
|
3 weeks
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T/F: fresh cow diseases are related to their previous dry cow nutrition.
|
true
|
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retained placentas are associated with deficiencies of :
|
selenium
vit E vit A bypass protein calcium *many causes |
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your nutrition program for beef cows should be focused on ___ wks before and ___ wks after calving if no other time.
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3 weeks before and after
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If you don't dry off a cow, what must you consider?
|
BCS of cow no time to recover
not as great of an increase in milk production NO colostrum |
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what 3 things is pregnancy in the cow based on?
|
she must be cycling (very nutrient affected)
she must ovulate a fertile egg she must maintain a pregnancy (somewhat nutrient affected at particular times) |
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When do dairy cows begin cycling post- partum?
|
after the drop in energy balance...
*not when energy balance is necessarily positive. |
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A cow undergoes a 30-60 day post-partum anestrus. when do you want her to catch?
|
60-80 days post calving (2nd cycle)
*first cycle is usually NOT fertile |
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when do you begin flushing in sheep?
|
1-2 weeks prior to breeding
*grain or lush pasture |
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T/F: beef cows will respond to flushing.
|
false
|
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what is the point of no return (days) that a cow will nutritionally maintain a pregnancy even to her detriment?
|
40+ days
|
|
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What is the difference between nutritional infertility and metabolic infertility?
|
nutritional = malnutrition = low BCS
metabolic = acute nutrient imbalance = no signs of malnutrition |
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What might an elevated serum urea indicate?
|
lack of soluble carbs in the ration
or too much protein |
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if a cow is open, there are 3 possible reasons:
|
she didn't ovulate
she ovulated and didn't conceive she conceived and aborted |
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T/F: a cow's calorie requirements are higher on day 2-3, after her lbs of milk production increases from just colostrum.
|
false
*high from day 1 |
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before we think about feed additives, what can we do to increase feed intake?
|
comfortable cows eat more
healthy cows eat more cows with clean water eat more quality feed = increased intake feedbunk management = increased intake |
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milk production can be as high as ____ nutrient.
|
the first limiting nutrient
|
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what is the blood flow to the mammary gland?
|
500 volumes of blood/ volume milk
|
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T/F: grouping of heifers and cows is based on different nutritional requirements.
|
false
*behavioral solution so that heifers don't get pushed out by the big berthas |
|
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What is used to estimate starches and sugars consumed?
|
Non-structural carbs
|
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What is used to estimate fiber?
|
non-soluble carbs or structural carbs
soluble fiber-- limited |
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NDF is an estimate of ___.
|
intake
|
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ADF is an estimate of ____.
|
digestibility of the forage
|
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low ADF in a ration represents ____.
|
high grain
*potential for acidosis |
|
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how do you know if your forage is an effective fiber (esp for TMRs)?
|
are the cows cudding?
|
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how much saliva do cows produce in a day?
|
100-260 liters
|
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NDF should be around ___%
ADF should be around ____% |
NDF 28-32%
ADF 19-24% |
|
|
how long should fiber be? how much do cows need?
|
1.5 inches
4-6 lbs |
|
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fat= ? part of diet
lactose=? part of diet |
fat = fiber
lactose = grain |
|
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what is the maximum fat you can feed to a cow?
|
6-8%
|
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|
forages and grains provide around 3% fat. where does it come from specifically?
|
cell membranes
|
|
|
oilseeds can contain up to ___% fat
|
20%
|
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what are the guidelines for feeding fat? how should the sources be divied up?
|
1/3 from forage
1/3 from oilseeds 1/3 from supplemental |
|
|
soluble protein dissolves in ___.
|
the rumen
|
|
|
degradable protein is broken down in the rumen to ___ and ___ and then resynthesized into __.
|
broken down into ammonia and carbon skeletons
resynth into microbial protein |
|
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excess degradable protein leaves the rumen in the form of ___.
|
ammonia
*converted to urea in the liver |
|
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undegradable (bypass) protein is not degraded in the rumen but instead is digested in the ___ or lost in the ___.
|
degraded in the small intestine
or lost in the feces |
|
|
why don't you supplement water soluble vitamins to the cow?
|
the microbes make them
|
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____ promotes growth of rumen papillae.
|
grain
|
|
|
what is lead feeding?
|
starting the cow on a ration before it is required... to allow the rumen microbes to adapt
|
|
|
What are the some of the determinants of DMI?
|
water intake
milk production stage of lactation cow size ambient temperature ration delivery system moisture content of the ration BST |
|
|
what are the advantages of a TMR?
|
each bite contains the same amt
less labor balanced ration |
|
|
what are the disadvantages of a TMR?
|
need a mixer wagon with scales $$$
hay does not mix well |
|
|
what is one of the risks of parlor feeding?
|
grain overload-- if cow doesn't eat enough forage to go with it.
|
|
|
Feedbunk management deals with 2 out of the 3 rations for a dairy cow, what are those 2?
|
the ration being fed
the ration being consumed (not included: the ration on paper) |
|
|
there should be 1 waterer per ___ cows.
|
25-30
|
|
|
there should be ___ ft of bunk space per cow.
|
2-2.5 ft
|
|
|
feed should be provided for ___ hours/day
|
20-22 hours
|
|
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what can you assume if the fat content is lower than the protein content in the cows milk?
|
too much grain, not enough forage
|
|
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milk production peaks at 2-3 months and decreases ___ every 10 days.
|
3%
|
|
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cows should not decrease more than 1 condition score from ____ to ___.
|
freshening to peak lactation
|
|
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what are the hooks?
|
tuber coxae
|
|
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what are the pins?
|
tuber ischii
|
|
|
what are the thurls?
|
greater trochanter
|
|
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When we BCS, what fat are we scoring?
|
subcutaneous
|
|
|
what is seam fat?
|
intermuscular
*vs intramuscular - marbling |
|
|
____ is protein-energy malnurtition in ruminants.
|
marasmus
|
|
|
starvation, inanition, agroceryosis, high trough disease, missed a meal colic.... all names for ___.
|
marasmus
|
|
|
who is most at risk of marasmus?
|
neonates
gestating cows |
|
|
what are some of the potential chemistry clinical pathologies that you may see in a starving animal?
|
hypoglycemic
ketotic increased NEFAs high rumen pH (ruminating a lot) |
|
|
why are NEFAs increased in starving animals?
|
because they are releasing fat from tissues and they are traveling in the blood as NEFA
|
|
|
what is considered a high rumen pH?
|
7-8
|
|
|
What is the definitive diagnosis of severe marasmus?
|
necropsy-- serous atrophy of fat in the coronary groove
|
|
|
Starved cows that go down generally never get up, but we treat anyways with...
|
IV Ca and Mg
dextrose DEX if they are going to calve |
|
|
T/F: Refeeding syndrome is a danger in cows.
|
false
fill em up FAST |
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What kinds of questions do you need to ask about possible commodities?
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what is the nutrient content?
do i need to have it analyzed? Are there special requirements for handling or storage? Are there any potential health problems? |
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What are the potential health problems associated with chicken litter?
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fecal pathogens
milk fever/ hypomagnesemia |
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What is the CP of chicken litter?
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20-25%
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What is Supposed to be in chicken litter?
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chicken manure
shavings wasted feed |
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How is salmonella generally spread in cows?
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indirectly via contaminated feed or water (feces)... bird poop on hay (but not from chicken litter)
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How might a cow get botulism?
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dead animal in a hay bale or in a silo or composted in chicken litter
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What feed source might listeria be found in?
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silage in dirt bunks
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you should feed ___ lbs of hay with litter rations and the ratio of litter in the silage should be ___.
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2-4 lbs
80: 20 (litter: silage/corn) |
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what mineral needs to be supplemented with chicken litter?
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magnesium
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what has a higher CP, soyhulls or soyhulls with seeds (post oil extraction)?
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with seeds has higher CP
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