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257 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do you evaluate when performing an PE on the musculoskeletal patient?
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Look for more than one fracture
Underlying disease Concurrent condition that warrants euthansia |
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What must you do before addressing a musculoskeletal issue?
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Full PE
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What condition would cause a cow to be in a plantigrade stance?
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gastrocnemius tendon/muscle rupture
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What is another name for a fluid filled bursa found on the carpus/ hock of housed cattle?
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Hygroma
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Why don't you use a needle to drain a hygroma?
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It will turn into an abscess.
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How do you PE the tibia?
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Feel for bone continuity along the medial face of the tibia, where muscle cover is minimal.
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Where do you PE the stifle?
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Feel for effusion in the femoropatellar joint by first finding the tibial tuberosity, which is the prominence on the proximal aspect of the bone on the dorsal side.
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When examination the femur what bone prominence will help with this procedure?
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greater trochanter
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What areas do you evaluate when examining the coxofemoral joint?
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tuber coxae
tuber ischiadicum greater trochanter |
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Where would the greater trochanter be located if a line was drawn from the tuber coxae to the tuber ischiadicum?
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ventral
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What type of rotation would you look for in an animal that had a coxofemoral luxation?
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outward rotation
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What is the procedure for examining the upper forelimb?
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Push down animal over into opposite recumbency
Repeat limb exams to compare muscle tone, swelling and pressure myopathy. |
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What is the main cause of tetraparesis and/or tetraplegia?
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displaced fractures in the cervical spine.
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What is a major clinical sign for a displaced fracture in the cervical spine?
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Affected animals lie in lateral recumbency and are unable to right themselves into sternal recumbency.
Intact sensation, normal hindlimb reflexes and usually normal limb tone. |
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What is primary septic arthritis?
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Its a direct puncture into the joint.
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What is secondary septic arthritis?
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Extension of infection into a joint from adjacent tissues such as pedal arthritis associated w/ foot rot.
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What can tertiary septic arthritis result in?
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septicemia (umbilical infection, tail docking, castration)
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What makes neonates prone to septicemia from omphalophlebitis?
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Failure to passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins
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What common bacterial isolate can cause pneumonia in cattle?
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Histophilus somni
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What common bacterial isolate can cause septicemia in cattle?
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Ecoli
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What common bacterial isolate can cause mastitis/head tilt?
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Mycoplasma
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What common bacterial isolate can cause foot rot?
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
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What common bacterial isolate is found in nearly ALL established abscesses?
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Archanobacterium pyogenes
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What common bacterial isolate can cause stiffness, keratoconjunctivitis and abortion in sheep?
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Chlamydophila
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What would you see in the joint fluid in order to diagnose an infected joint?
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Bacteria is present and gram stain is done.
Nucleated cell count of > 10,000 cells with > 80% neutrophils. TP is > 4 mg/dl |
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When would radiographic changes be visible in a positive case of septic arthritis?
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2-3 weeks
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What are the major treatment protocols for septic arthritis?
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Systemic antibiotics
Joint drainage and lavage to remove the products of inflammation & must be done early. NSAIDS |
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What does DJD refer to?
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Deterioration of articular cartilage
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What is a major C/S of DJD in cattle?
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Poor confirmation in heavy, postlegged animals and straight hocks.
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What are some C/S of DJD in cattle?
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Mostly affects older breeding animals.
progressive joint effusion and pain can be elicited on manual flexion. |
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How does one diagnose DJD in cattle?
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Joint manipulation
Fluid analysis Radiographs |
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What is the recommended treatment for DJD?
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Mgmt. changes such as weight management, collecting bull instead of natural breeding, deep bedding and NSAIDS.
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What is the primary abnormality found with rickets?
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Lack of mineralization of rapidly growing bones.
Commonly seen in Crias during winter months |
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How does one diagnose DJD in cattle?
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Joint manipulation
Fluid analysis Radiographs |
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What are the common causes of rickets in cattle?
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Deficiencies of phosphorus or Vit. D
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What is the recommended treatment for DJD?
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Mgmt. changes such as weight management, collecting bull instead of natural breeding, deep bedding and NSAIDS.
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What are some C/S associated with rickets?
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Stiffness, lameness, joint enlargement, enlargement of costochondral junctions (string of pearls)
Curved long bones |
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What is the primary abnormality found with rickets?
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Lack of mineralization of rapidly growing bones.
Commonly seen in Crias during winter months |
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What are the common causes of rickets in cattle?
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Deficiencies of phosphorus or Vit. D
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What are some C/S associated with rickets?
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Stiffness, lameness, joint enlargement, enlargement of costochondral junctions (string of pearls)
Curved long bones |
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What would Dx. bloodwork look like for an animal w/ rickets?
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AP is elevated
Serum Calcium & phosphorus conc. are normal Serum Vit. D levle is decreased. |
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What would you see on xrays w/ an animals w/ rickets?
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wide distal physis in radius, ulna and metacarpals
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What is the recommended treatment for rickets?
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Added dietary calcium and phosphrous in diet and injectable
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What congenital disease results in flexural deformities of the joints, typically affects beef breeds and frequently results in dystocia?
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arthrogryposis
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What are some causes of arthrogryposis?
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bluetongue virus
Lupine alkaloids Genetic in Charolais |
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What disease is common in calves and lambs, may be genetic in Jersey and shorthorn cattle and found in the fetlock or carpus joint?
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contracted tendons
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What disease is very common in camelids and can be corrected by splinting early?
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Angular Limb Deformity
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what is another name for Ovine Hereditary Chondrodysplasia?
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Spider Lamb Syndrome
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What disease is characterized by an autosomal-recessive trait in Suffolk sheep?
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Spider Lamb Syndrome- Ovine Hereditary chondrodysplasia
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What is the major clinical sign associated with Spider Lamb disease?
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Angular limb deformities- knock kneed appearance at the carpus (carpal valgus)
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How do you prevent & control Spider lamb syndrome?
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Carrier rams should be destroyed
Carrier ewes can be used to produce market lambs or to progeny test rams for the spider trait. |
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What virus infects monocytes/macrophages and can be transmitted primarily through milk and colostrum?
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Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
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Why is CAE so difficult to eradicate?
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animals are viremic for life
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What are the 2 forms of CAE?
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Leukoencephalomyelitis (neurological form) effects kids 2-6 months of age.
Polysynovitis-arthritis (Musculoskeletal form) effects adults |
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What are some of the clinical signs involved in the musculoskeletal form of CAE?
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Effects mature adult goats
Carpal joints are most commonly involved Chronic joint enlargement occurs as does weight loss. May walk on their knees and may involve mammary glands. |
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what is the best prevention and control for CAE?
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Establish CAE negative herds and pasteurize milk to render the virus inactive
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What enzyme can be an indicator of muscle necrosis, can increase within hours and has a short 1/2 life?
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Creatine kinase
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What enzyme is not specific for myonecrosis and has a longer 1/2 life of 7-10 days?
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Asparate Aminotransferase (AST)
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Where is (AST) found?
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skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle Liver RBC's |
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What happens when CK and AST increase?
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There has been recent or active myonecrosis
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What happens when CK persistently increases?
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On going myonecrosis has occurred.
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What happens when AST increases with CK decreasing or not changing at all?
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Resolving myonecrosis
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_______ is a myodegenerative disease caused by dietary deficiency of SE or Vit. E.
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white muscle disease
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WHat does muscle tissue lack causing the onset of white muscle disease?
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Antioxidants alpha tocopherol Vit. E and/or Selenium
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Selinum is a component of what antioxidant enzyme?
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glutathione peroxidase
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What are the 2 major forms of WMD?
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Cardiac and skeletal
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What are some of the C/S of the cardiac form of WMD?
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sudden death, frothy nasal discharge from pulmonary edema
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What are some of the C/S of the skeletal form of WMD?
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slower onset with muscle weakness or stiffness. Tongue weakness can cause dysphagia
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Diagnostically, how will CK, AST and LDH be effected during the acute form of WMD?
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CK, AST and LDH may be significantly elevated.
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What condition is common with WMD if the laryngeal muscles are weakened?
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Aspiration pneumonia
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How elevated can CK get with WMD?
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10-50 times normal
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How elevated can AST get with WMD?
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3 to 20 times normal
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How is Selenium measured in testing for WMD?
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serum mineral analysis
Corresponds to whole body SE status. Submit in specialized serum tube |
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How is Vit. E measured when testing for WMD?
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Its hard to consistently measure
Just assume its low, if other tests support WMD. |
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What enzyme is formed in the RBCs during erythropoiesis and can be used to help diagnose WMD?
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Glutathione-peroxidase
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What kind of toxin is myoglobin?
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endogenous nephrotoxin
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Increased BUn and Creatine may reflect what as a sign of WMD?
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renal tubular damage or pre-renal azotemia
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What is the recommended treatment for WMD?
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Injectable SE administered at the label dose, can be toxic.
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Can dam SUPPLEMENTATION of Selenium help bolster neonatal levels in preventing WMD?
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Yes, because Se crosses the placenta
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Can Vit. E cross the ruminant placenta and is it concentrated in the colostrum?
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No it can't crosss the placena but is concentrated in colostrum
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What type of bacterium is C. Chauvoei?
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Gram (+)
Anaerobic Rod-shaped bacillus Dormant spores |
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Where is C. Chauvoei found?
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In soil and intestinal tract of ruminants
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What are some of the clinical signs of Black leg?
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Gangrenous myositis
Observed in animals 6mo-2yrs Crepitation, muscle swelling, fever, depression Sudden death |
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What would you see during necropsy with Blackleg?
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Linear hemorrhages in affected muscles
Diffuse necrosis and inflammation on histopath. Large areas of emphysema and edema |
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How can Blackleg be treated?
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If treated aggressively, penicillin is the drug of choice.
Open wound area to allow oxygen to penetrate. |
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How can blackleg be prevented?
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Multivalent Vaccination
Vax. @ 2 months then booster 4 weeks later then annual booster |
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What causes malignant edema?
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C septicum
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Where is C. Septicum found?
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feces and soil
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How does malignant edema occur at calving?
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Mucosa of the vulva and vaginal vault becomes compromised and feces can enter the microabrassions and deposit spores.
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What are the clinical signs that can be found following parturition with malignant edema?
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Cushion like swelling of the vulvar region with a foul smelling reddish discharge that extends down between the legs.
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How can malignant edema be treated?
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By using penicillin and debridement
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what are the 5 M's of downer cow syndrome?
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Metabolic disease
Metritis Mastitis Musculoskeletal/Nervous Injury Miscellaneous |
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What are the toxic causes of mastitis?
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E. Coli
Klebsiella Enterobacter Staph aureus in heifers |
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What is a toxic cause of metritis in downer cows?
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E coli
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What is a rule in/rule out for downer cow mastitis?
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Strip cup- egg drop soup milk
Palpation of udder Signs of endotoxic sepsis |
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What is a rule in/rule out for downer cow metritis?
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History of recent calving
Palpate uterus with fetid fluid Open cervix w/ fetid fluid PE should reveal endotoxic illness |
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What are some metabolic causes of downer cow syndrome?
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Hypocalcemia
Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia hypophosphatemia Pregnancy toxemia |
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When does hypocalcemia occur in downer cow syndrome?
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Right before or right after calving
progressive weakness leading to recumbency |
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When does hypokalemia occur in downer cow syndrome?
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Very difficult to diagnose w/o labwork
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When does pregnancy toxemia occur in downer cow syndrome?
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Near end of pregnancy involves urine ketones
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When does hypomagnesemia occur in downer cow syndrome?
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cows on pasture-seasonal
Evidence of seizuring and paddling in the dead animal |
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When does hypophosphatemia occur in downer cow syndrome?
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Similar to hypocalcemia
Very difficult to diagnose w/o labwork Rare |
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What are some miscellaneous causes of downer cow syndrome?
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lymphosarcoma of the spine
malnutrition Meningeal worm (camelids) |
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What would be the rule in/rule out for lymphosarcoma in a downer cow?
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palpate enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes
other lymph node enlargement cow will be bright and alert but unable to stand |
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What are some of the musculoskeletal causes of Downer cow syndrome?
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femur/pelvic fractures
coxofemoral luxations obturator/sciatic nerve paralysis |
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How do you do a physical exam on a downer cow?
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Palpate all limbs- rotate rear limbs
Rectal exam- palpate pelvis for symmetry, palpate uterus for metritis and palpate internal iliac lymph nodes Neuro exam Mammary gland palpation & strip cup Blood work |
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What is the diagnostic prognosis of a downer cow w/ acute muscle damage?
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dramatic Increased CK
slightly increased AST Guarded prognosis |
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What is the diagnostic prognosis of a downer cow w/ myonecrosis w/ recovery?
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Slight increase of CK
Dramatic increase of AST Fair prognosis |
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What is the diagnostic prognosis of a downer cow w/ continuing myonecrosis?
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Persistently elevated CK & AST.
Poor prognosis |
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What is the most common cause of primary recumbency in dairy cows?
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milk fever
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What is the most common cause of primary recumbency in beef cows?
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calving paralysis
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What is the second most common cause of primary recumbency in beef cows?
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spinal lymphosarcoma
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What are the factors involved in the development of secondary recumbency (pressure damage)?
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The primary cause
Duration of recumbency Surface in which the cow is lying Amount of struggling the cow does in an attempt to rise. |
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What is the likelihood of a cow staying down after being down for
0-6 hours, 7-12 hours, 12-18 hours and > 18 hours in percentile? |
minimal
26% 32% 39% |
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What are 2 causes of terminal recumbency of downer cows?
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Self induced trauma
Leakage of myoglobin & K+ into circulation |
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How do you treat a downer cow with metabolic causes?
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give electrolytes
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How do you treat a downer cow with obturator nerve paralysis?
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steroids/NSAIDS
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How do you treat a downer cow with metritis and mastitis?
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Antibiotics and NSAIDS
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What cattle breeds are usually effected by double muscling and what condition effects these breeds?
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Piedmontese
Belgian White & blue Dystocia |
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what condition can effect calves of cattle breeds effected with double muscling?
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macroglossia which interferes with their ability to suckle
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What is the major disadvantage of raising cattle with muscular hypertrophy?
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dystocia
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What disease is caused by a autosomal recessive gene and most commonly seen in shorthorn cattle?
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Tibial Hemimelia (TH)
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Where does most dairy cow lameness occur?
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80-90% can be found in the digit
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What is the 5 point lameness work up plan?
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Background information
Observation Examination Ancillary tests Records |
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What is part of the signalment during a lameness exam?
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Age
sex Stage of lactation Weight ID Number |
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What is part of the case history during a lameness exam?
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duration
treatments Owner observations change in body condition |
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What is part of a good herd history during a lameness exam?
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Type of facilities
Hygiene Nutrition Management Foot baths |
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What would you observe on a standing animal during a lameness exam?
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Posture
Recumbent when not being made to move. Muscle atrophy |
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What would you observe on a moving animal during a lameness exam?
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Severity of lameness
number of limbs affected Gait abnormalities |
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What is the lameness score card?
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Its a method designed to quantify the severity of lameness observed in cattle, emphasizing on back posture
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What does a score of 1 mean according to the Lameness scorecard?
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normal
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What does a score of 2 mean according to the Lameness scorecard?
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Mildly lame, arches back when walking
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What does a score of 3 mean according to the Lameness scorecard?
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moderately lame, stands and walks w/ back arched, shorter stride when walking
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What does a score of 4 mean according to the Lameness scorecard?
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Lame, stands and walks w/ back arched. Visibly favors one or more legs.
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What does a score of 5 mean according to the Lameness scorecard?
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Severely lame, very arched back. Refuses to bear weight on one leg.
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What are the basic structures of the foot?
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Hoof, bone, corium, wall, sole, heel
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What is the corium and what is its function?
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Its the vascular portion of the hoof that carries nutrients for horn growth and periosteum of P3.
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what is the white line of the foot?
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Its an area where the wall meets the sole of the foot.
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What is laminitis in cattle, what type of clinical signs would you see and what is the most initiating sign of this disease?
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Its a diffuse inflammation of the corium of the hoof.
Peracute and chronic (most common) Ruminal acidosis |
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What is the 90% rule of lameness in cattle?
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90% of bovine lameness is located in the foot.
90% found in rear foot 90% in lateral claw |
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What causes contagious foot rot in sheep/goats?
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Dichelobacter nodosum
Lives in grooves in overgrown area |
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What diseases of the foot do not cause swelling above the coronary band, but can cause significant lameness?
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Laminitis
Hairy heel wart subsolar abscess White line Sole ulcer heel erosion sand crack horizontal crack Interdigital fibroma (corn) |
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what diseases of the foot can cause swelling above the coronary band?
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Foot rot
Infection of deep structures Fracture of digital bone |
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How do deep structures of the foot become infected?
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Extension of infection from subsolar abscess.
Unattended foot rot Infected hoof crack or sole ulcer Direct trauma with foreign body |
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What is the definition of a digital wound in a cow?
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infected wound
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How do high levels of corticosteroids effect laminitis?
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It decreases protein synthesis and potentiates digital vasoconstriction and microthrombosis.
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What form of laminitis is associated with severe systemic disease (sepsis) or carbohydrate overload (ruminal acidosis)
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Peracute
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What form of laminitis causes hemodynamic and vascular changes that decrease blood supply to the laminae?
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Peracute
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What form of laminitis causes sensitive laminae of P3 to seperate from the interdigitating laminae of the hoof?
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Peracute
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What is the best way to treat peracute laminitis?
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Attend to underlying illness
NSAIDS |
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Chronic laminitis can be associated with what?
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Sub-acute rumen acidosis
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What form of laminitis can cause chronic, constricitive vascular lesions at the laminae leading to stasis in the capillaries.
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Chronic laminitis
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What form of laminitis can cause stagnant hypoxia in the foot that interferes with normal hoof growth?
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Chronic laminits
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what is another name for chronic laminitis?
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Slipper foot
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Is there an effective treatment for chronic laminitis?
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No, but you can routinely trim claws
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What are the major factors involved with laminitis?
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systemic insult
lactic acidosis endotoxemia fiber quality exercise mechanical forces |
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How do you know if you are minimizing laminitis?
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>50-60% of cows chewing cud while at rest
Milk fat/protein ratio is normal Manure doesn't have a sour smell No arched backs when walking uniform daily feed intake |
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What disease of the foot is caused by interdigitial trauma and infection with a nonmotile, anaerobic, gram negative bacteria?
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Interdigitial necrobacillosis (foot rot) caused by
(fusobacterium necrophorum) |
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What can F. necrophorum produce that reduces phagocytosis and causes suppurative necrosis?
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leukocidal exotoxin
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How long can D. nodosus survive outside the host?
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2 weeks
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What is the big difference between footrot in cattle and in goats?
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Footrot in sheep is both infectious and contagious
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What is the pathogenesis of Fusobacterium?
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It causes inflammation/hyperkeratosis
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What is the pathogenesis of dichelobacter?
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It colonizes cracks in hyperkeratotic hoof
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what are some of the clinical signs associated with contagious foot rot of sheep?
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Lameness of one or more feet
redness and swelling of interdigital skin and skin at coronet Fissures of the hoof horn |
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What is the treatment for contagious foot rot ?
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Trim feet
Seperate sheep into affected and uneffected areas Copper naphthenate (Koppertox) onto lesions. |
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Why don't you want to give a footbath for footrot to sheep when their thirsty?
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They'll sip the dip.
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What are the most common organisms that are isolated from the joint in the case of septic arthritis?
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Archanobachter pyogenes and fusobacteriium necrophorum
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What is a common sequela of foot rot?
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septic arthritis
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Where is Hairy Heel Wart usually found?
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In herds with wet conditions and areas where replacement animals have been purchased.
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How can you ID early hairy heel wart lesions?
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sharply demarcated
Round to oval Moist, strawberry like |
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How can you ID mature hairy heel wart lesions?
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Larger, up to 2 cm
Raised Long, hair-like projections |
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WHat is the recommended treatment for hairy heel warts?
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Topical antibiotics
Foot bathes |
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Where do you find interdigital fibroma in bulls and cows?
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Front feet of bulls
Rear feet of cows |
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Is treatment necessary for interdigital fibroma?
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No treatment is necessary unless it is large and causing lameness.
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How are subsolar abscesses caused?
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By some sort of penetration of insensitive sole which may cause bacteria to enter the sensitive lamina, then a clot can colonize by bacteria and form an abscess.
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What is the white line?
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Its an area of fibrous connective tissue that joins the rigid hoof wall to the more resilient sole
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what is subsolar abscess/white line disease?
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Its a sole injury caused by moisture, laminitis or walking on abrasive surfaces. Pus can accumulate and put pressure on sensitive laminae.
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What are sole ulcers (Rusterholz Ulcer)?
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Circumscribed loss of horny sole that is usually located in rear feet and most often seen during winter
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When might horizontal grooves occur?
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During time of stress or sudden nutritional change.. No lameness will occur w/ simple grooves but deep grooves may cause distal toe to break off.
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What is sand crack (Vertical Fissure)?
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Vertical separation of the periople and horn of the coronary band
Most commonly found in beef cattle. |
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How is sand crack (Vertical Fissure) treated?
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Clean out crack
check for underlying abscess If margins are seperated, you can use methylmethacrylate or wires to hold them together. |
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What is fescue foot?
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Its considered a toxicosis of cattle grazing pastures that contain tall fescue grass or rye grass
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Cattle suffering from fescue foot due to rye grass ergot mycotoxin may suffer what clinical signs?
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Peripheral vasoconstriction
Blood stasis Endothelial damage Thrombosis Ischemia |
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What are some general clinical signs of fescue foot?
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Hindlimb lameness
Cool extremities Necrosis tip of ears and tail Summer slump |
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What are the 3 most common diseases of the foot that cause visible swelling proximal to the coronary band in cattle?
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Foot rot
Infection of deep structures Fracture of digital bone |
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If a cow has been treated for footrot with an appropriate antibiotic regimen for one week and the animal has not responded to treatment, what do you think is happening?
|
The infection has spread to involve deep structure.
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screwdriver
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3 count vodka
balance orange juice serve in a highball glass with ice |
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Why is the incidence of cardiovascular disease in cattle low?
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Its not as common as respiratory or GI disease
Its harder to recognize b/c they undertake less strenuous exercise. |
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Why is it difficult to examine the cardiovascular system in cattle?
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It located deep within the thoracic cavity.
Heart lies in the anterior part of the thorax between the 3rd and the 6th rib. |
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List the important aspects of completing a physical exam.
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History
Signalment Observation of the animal at a distance Examination of the animal close up. |
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What do you want to observe from a distance during a PE?
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Posture- humped back, abducted elbow
Abdominal silhouette- ventral fill, papple General demeanor Weakness, ataxia, slow to move |
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what could excessive fill in the ventral abdomen indicate?
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Ascites
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WHere is the coccygeal artery located?
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ventral surface of the proximal one-third of the tail
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Where are the sites for arterial pulses in the cow?
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Facial artery
Median artery Caudal auricular artery Lingual artery |
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What is the normal heart rate of cattle?
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Adult- 60-80 BPM
Calves- 100-120 BPM |
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What is the normal heart rate of sheep & goat?
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80-100 BPM
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What is the normal heart rate of pigs?
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60-90 BPM
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What is the normal heart rate of llama & alpaca?
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40-60 BPM
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What may cause a bounding (hyperkinetic) pulse?
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Fever
Excitement PDA AV shunt |
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What may cause a weak (hypokinetic) pulse?
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Hypovolemia
Electrolyte abnormalities Arrhythmias |
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What is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in ruminants?
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Atrial fibrillation
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What may cause bradycardia in cattle?
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Terminally ill animals
Vagal indigestion Hyperkalemia/Acidosis |
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What may cause tachycardia in cattle?
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nervous and stressed animals
drugs Pyrexia Pain metabolic diseases Increased co2 or decreased O2 |
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What do you listen for when auscultating the heart?
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Rate & rhythm
Intensity of sounds Abnormal sounds such as murmurs & pericardial friction rubs |
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What may cause an increase intensity of heart sounds?
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Hypomagnesemia
Cranioventral bronchopneumonia Thin animals |
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What may cause a decrease intensity of heart sounds?
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Displacement of the heart by a mass
Changes in pericardial or pleural spaces Hypocalcemia |
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where can you hear the pulmonic valve?
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left side- 3rd intercostal space, middle of humerus
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where can you hear the aortic valve?
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Left side- 4th intercostal space at the point of the shoulder
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where can you hear the mitral valve?
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Left side- 5th intercostal space, just ventral to the point of the shoulder
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where can you hear the tricuspid valve?
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Right side, 3rd intercostal space, middle of humerus
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Describe a normal jugular pulse.
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Should not extend beyond 1/3 of distance up the neck.
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What should the appearance of the jugular vein be when occluded at the caudal border of the mandible?
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When occlude at caudal border of mandible, vein should not distend and pulses should not be visible.
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What should the appearance of the jugular vein be when occluded at the thoracic inlet of the mandible?
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When occlude at the thoracic inlet, vein should distend but pulses should not be evident.
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WHat do you think has occurred if you have cranially displaced heart sounds or an apex beat?
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Abdominal distention
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WHat do you think has occurred if you have a caudally displaced apex beat?
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It can indicate a space occupying mass in cranial mediastinum
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What tests can be used to detect thoracic & or Cranial Abdominal pain?
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Withers pinch test, scootch test, grunt test
Bar test Ballottement of the xyphoid region |
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Why is pericardiocentesis the best ancillary Dx tool to use in cattle?
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No sedation is needed except some lidocaine and fluid can easily be submitted for cytology and culture.
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What is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly found in ruminants?
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Ventricular septal defect
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What are some other congenital cardiac abnormalities seen in cattle?
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Atrial Septal defect (ASD)
Patent ductus Arteriosus Tetralogy/Pentology of Fallot |
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What breeds are susceptible to VSD?
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Limousine and Herefords
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What is a ventricular Septal defect?
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Its a cardiac defect that results from an opening in the interventricular septum, creating a communication between the left and right ventricles
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How does an atrial septal defect occur?
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Its caused by changes in left and right atrial pressures that fail to produce functional closure of the foramen.
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What is a patent ductus arteriosus?
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its a persistent patency of a fetal vessel that connects the pulmonary arterial system to the aorta.
Machinery murmur |
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What is the most common cardiac abnormality in cattle?
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Right sided Heart Failure
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What C/S can help recognize right sided heart failure?
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Tachycardia
Submandibular and brisket edema Jugular and mammary vein distention Jugular pulses |
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What are 5 specific causes of right heart failure?
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Endocarditis
Pericarditis Myocardial disease which includes dialated cardiomiopathy & myocarditis High Altitude disease Lymphosarcoma |
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What is the most common valve effected by endocarditis?
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tricuspid
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What is the common bacterium cultured from cattle experiencing endocarditis?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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What would be included in the history of an endocarditis case?
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Chronic weight loss
Intermittent fever transient response to antibiotics lameness |
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What are the most common clinical signs associated with endocarditis?
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tachycardia
Weight loss Heart murmur Fever Lameness caused by septic arthritis |
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What two phenomena can occur due to endocarditis?
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valvular insuffiency
septic thromboembolism |
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When doing clinical pathology what would be your most consistent finding to diagnose endocarditis?
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High globulins is most consistent
Hyperfibrinogenemia and anemia are also common. |
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What is the major cause of septic pericarditis?
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hardware disease
Hematogenous spread of bacteria from other organ systems |
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What are some of the clinical signs of pericarditis?
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Pain
Shallow respiration High temp- 103-106 splashing heart sounds-washing machine murmur Abdominal pain CHF-later stages |
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How can echocardiography be useful when diagnosing pericarditis?
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Can demonstrate fluid in the pericardial sac or floaters (chunks of fibrin)
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What is the only significant myocardial disease in large animals?
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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What are the bacterial causes of myocarditis?
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Staph
Clostridium secondary to bacteremia or septicemia mycobacterium Histophilus somni |
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What are the viral causes of myocarditis?
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FMD
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What are the Parasitic causes of myocarditis?
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toxoplasmosis
cysticercosis saecocystis |
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what are some acquired causes of dilated cardiomyopathy in cattle?
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monensin or gossypol
Cassia Phalaris |
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What vit./mineral deficiencies may cause cardiomyopathy?
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Vit. E/Se (WMD or nutritional myogeneration)
Copper deficiency |
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What is Cor pulmonale disease/
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Also known as brisket disease, referred to as right ventricular hypertrophy and subsequent RHF secondary to pulmonary hypertension
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What does alveolar hypoxia cause subsequent to Cor pulmonale disease?
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It causes vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels and results in pulmonary hypertension
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what are some common characterisitcs of Cor Pulmonale?
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High altitude (>6000 feet)
calves are most commonly effected worsened in the winter can be caused by the ingestion of locoweed |
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What is the most common cause of Cor Pulmonale?
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High altitude (>6000 feet)
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What are some clinical signs associated with Cor Pulmonale disease?
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Right sided heart failure-brisket edema
Jugular distention and pulses Dyspnea, tachypnea Murmur-tricuspid insufficiency |
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How is Cor pulmonale diagnosed?
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Based on history of exposure to mountain pastures and clinical signs of respiatory distress.
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What are the two general categories of lymphosarcoma in cattle?
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Sporadic & Enzootic
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What are the 3 different forms of sporadic lymphosarcoma?
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Calf (juvenile)- fatal
Thymic- fatal Cutaneous |
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In what population of cattle is sporadic lymphosarcoma usually found?
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young animals
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What virus is enzootic lymphosarcoma associated with?
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Bovine Leukemia Virus
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What are some characterisitics of juvenile sporadic lymphosarcoma?
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effects calves less than 6 months of age w/ general lymphadenopathy
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What is the most common neoplasm found in cattle?
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enzootic lymphosarcoma
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What type of virus is BLV and what type of cells does it infect?
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Retrovirus that infects lymphocytes and primarily effects B lymphocytes.
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How long will cattle have BLV once infected?
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Animals are infected and seropositive for life.
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How does BLV spread?
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Transfer of blood or other fluids with blood cells to uninfected animals
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WHat is the most common way BLV is spread?
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through horizontal transmission.
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