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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much of each bovine is used for beef
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64%
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True or false: Feed conversion is rather efficient in beef cattle
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false: 5-8lbs of feed for each 1lb of beef
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The byproducts of cattle are worth how much
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$100/1000lbs of animal
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There are ten popular breeds of cattle. Can you name them?
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Angus
Beefmaster (I'm naming my kid that) Brahma (He's high up in the caste system) Belgian Blue (He's depressed all the time) Belted Galloway (His pants never fall down) Charolais Gelbvieh Hereford Jersey Holstein |
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erm for a sexually mature male
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Bull
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What's a steer
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Castrated male
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Term for a female that has produced a calf
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Cow
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Term for a female that has not produced a calf
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Heifer
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What is a heiferette (hint: it is not a cow dance crew)
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heifer that calved once or should have caved once
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This is the term for cattle used for work
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Ox, oxen, or bullock
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Term for a steer that is continuously ridden by pen mates
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Buller
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What is the theory behind a steer being a buller
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May have elevated levels of estadiol 17beta
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What is a calf
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cattle of either sex < 1yo
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Term for cattle between 1-2 years old
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Yearling
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Term for bovine produce by two or more breeds
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Cross Breed
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These three breeds are British Breeds
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Angus
Hereford Shorthorn |
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These four are European Breeds
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Charolias
Simmental Limousine Gelbvieh |
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Complete this sentence: "Zebu cattle have a hump and they do things like a Bos...!"
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Indicus
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Typically European and British breeds are bos
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Taurus
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Term for a producer that manages a breeding herd to produce calves for the production of food
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Cow/Calf operation
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what is a Seed Stock Operation
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producer that raises cattle for breeding stock
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Term for weaned cattle that a feed forage for a short period prior to entering the feed yard
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Stocker Operation
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What is a backgrounding operation
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Beef growing program for cattle prior to entering the feed yard
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Term for producer who grows beef cattle for slaughter
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Feedlot operation
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Term for cattle that are fed on a high plain of nutrition to maximize growth for slaughter
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Feeder
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what are Fed Cattle
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steers or heifers that are ready for slaughter
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about how long have "Fed Cattle" been fed
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between 90-120 days
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What is a Custom feeder operation
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provides labor and facilities to feed cattle on a contract
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What is Preconditioning
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a program to prepare youngcattle to enter the feed yard
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What things are included in a preconditioning program
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Vax
nutrition management to min. stress and max health |
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What is a Pot load
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Truck load of cattle (50,000lbs of cattle)
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what does the abrev. cwt mean
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centum weight or per 100lbs
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about how long are breeding beef cows productive for
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7-9yrs
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When would one ID, castrate, vax, dehorn, and deworm a beef cow
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6-8mths of age or, if not a calf, 1150-1300lbs
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What is the goal for the calving interval
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12 months
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Ideally, when should heifers produce their first calf
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~24mth of age
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When does most calving take place
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in he spring
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What is so beneficial about calving in spring (4 things)
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1. higher amount of pasture/feedstuff available
2. Calf losses are lower 3. Rate fo gain is higher 4. Less production costs |
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What are three methods of calf identificaiton
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Ear tags
Tattoo Branding |
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What are three methods of calf castration
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Amputation
Banding Crimping |
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Besides ID'ing and possibly castrating, what else is done to process new calves
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Dipping Navel
Se/Vit E inj Scour Vax |
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What are the core calf vax's
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IBR
BVDV PI3 BRSV 7-way Clostridial |
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What are some optional vax's you might recommend
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Rabies
Mannheimia hemolitica Histophilus somni Mycoplasma bovis Pinkeye Tetanus |
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What are the main adult cattle vax's
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4 or 5-way
Leptospirosis 7-way Scour Vax Brucellosis (Bangs dz) |
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this is a zoonotic dz that is an economically importantcause of abortion or stillbirths in cattle during the 2nd half of gestation
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Brucellolis (Brucella abortus)
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What are the main methods of brucella transmission
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contact with:
placenta fetus fetal fluids vaginal dsch |
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When can brucella infx occur
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after abortion or fullterm parturition
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True or false: All US states are considered free of brucellosis
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true --with exception of bison and elk in yellowstone
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What cattle should be vax'd for brucellosis and when is it required by the USDA to be given
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all female cattle retained for breeding
must be b/w 4-12 mths of age |
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True or false: if you make a dx of brucella abortus, you should probably just keep that to yourself
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false: REPORTABLE DZ!
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How do we ID females vax'd for brucellosis
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orange USDA metal tag
Tattoo in RIGHT ear |
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Can we use a brucella MLV or the killed vax in pregnant animals
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kind of a trick, the some MLV and the killed is fine
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What is the duration of immunity for the mlv brucella vax vs the killed
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MLV= months to years
killed= weeks to months |
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Which brucella vax is cheaper MLV or killed
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MLV low cost, killed high cost
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A vax label says "For the prevention of infx" what's that mean
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must prevent all colonization and replication of dz
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A vax that must be highly effective at prevention of dz would read how
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"For the prevention of dz"
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so a label says, "As an aid in the reduction and control of dz" what's that one mean
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it will reduce the severity or duration or delay the onset of a dz
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what can kill a roundworm (not meds, natural)
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sunlight
heat drying |
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What's the great thing about deworming for roundworms
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leads to gains of more the 60lbs during a grazing season
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upon what do we base our treatment of roundworms
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base tx of mature cattle on clinical signsand fecal egg counts
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We suspect a severe inf of roundworms, when should we deworm
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in fall and 2-3wks after turnout in the spring (don't forget to check fecal egg counts)
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What are some pasture management things we can do for roundworms
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Rotate
Harrow them |
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What must we remember about using Albendazole
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not during the first 45 days of pregnancy
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This is the only dewormer that has no slaughter w/drawl period
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POUR ON moxidectin (not injectable!)
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concerning Fasciola hepatice what egg count numbers should concern us
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any egg count is significant and heavy infx may be counts as low as 25epg
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Do we care about tapeworms
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nah, not usually of economic importance (use alben or fenben)
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These two parasites can be precursors of Black Dz and Red Water dz
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F. Hepatic and F. magna
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When are fluke infections likely to occur
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most Sept-August (wait, so, like always...thats how it was written)
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A cow gets a fluke infection in sept. when might this show up on a fecal egg count
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not pos until dec (migration and maturation takes 8-12 wks)
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we want to murder some liver flukes. What is our drug of choice
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clorsulon injectable (use in nov-dec)
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When should we expect a coccida problem
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usually the fall
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Whats a great way to control coccidiosis
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put medication in drinking water or feed
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What is the main trigger of coccidiosis
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stress -- moving cattle into feedlots
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Why do we hate external parasites
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cost millions in lost production and damage to hides
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These are five general symptoms of external parasites
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anemia
pruritus irritation Dz transmission Pink eye |
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When does fly control need to be implemented
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april thru october
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These are four methods of fly control
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ear tags with insecticides
dusters oilers sprays |
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I don't know how to make this a question so just know that the warble fly...
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migrates thru cows body after penetrating skin, then appears on the back and remains there 1-2 months before dropping off
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Ear tags and pour-ons also work for ticks, but what is one more method of control
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Reduce underbrush
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what are 4 ways preconditioning adds value to the entire beef production system
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1. deceases sickness
2. Improves performace in ADG and feed efficiency 3. Decreases labor and drugs used 4. improves beef quality |
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What does a backgrounder do
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manages calves during the high stress periods of weaning a diet change
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Term for a backgrounder that utilizes forage
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stocker
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what are the five advantages of the stocker/backgrounder operation
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1. grow beef on lower cost feed
2. allow tme to gradually increase feed concentrates 3. less stress 4. Provides slaughter cattle thru out the year 5. allows for repackaging of cattle |
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What is a feeder operation and what is the weight we want
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final stage prior to slaughter
1100-1350lbs |
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How does one cause marbling
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grain (corn usually) feeding for 100days of more
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How much of US beef is exported
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3%
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What are three causes of a dark cutter
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stress pre-slaughter
feeding MGA estrogen implants (caveat-reduced dark cutting in steers) |
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how might one reduce the incidence of dark cutters
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select more mild mannered cattle
low stress handling fascilities don't regroup cattle late in feeding period |
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Where do we ideally want to place an implant
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middle 1/3 of ear
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Abscesses, loss, imbedded, crashed, and bunch are all
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implant problems
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Implants are regulated by
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FDA
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What are meat w/drawl times for an implant
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none that are approved in the US
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What has been shown to cause detectable estrogen levels in humans post ingestion of infected meat
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clnbuterol (norethisterone)
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Who can be implanted and who can't be
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Heifers intended for breeding
not bulls |
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Implants can do what to meat upon slaughter
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slightly deceases quality grade (less marbling) and slightly less yeild
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Implants can cause increases of two things (bad things)
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buller rate
prolapses |
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why don't we want to implant calves (heifers) less than 45 days of age
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they have smaller less muscular uterus (thinner endometrium
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We don't want to implant:
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cattle sold to niche markets
stockers with gains less than 1.3lbs/day long term grazing questionable quality grade and yeild grade animals |
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This is a program designed to assure safe meat of highest quality
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Bovine Quality Assurance program
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True or false: electrical stunning is not a recommended form of euthanasia
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true
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What must we remember about exsanguination for euthanasia
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can't be the sole means!
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What euthanasia agents are condemned
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those that produce muscle paralysis without unconsciousness
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How much can I inj. IM in a cow
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try not to inj. more than 10cc per site
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How much can I inj. subQ
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usually try for less than 20cc per site
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Where do we want to give inj. in a cow (best site to worst)
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Front of should> Ear > Sub Q at tail head
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Where do we never want to inj. a cow
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rump or back leg
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True or false: ELDU in feed is fine, so long as there is a valid vet/pt/client relationship
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False. ELDU in feed is prohibited
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True or false: ELDU is not allowed for production purposes, only therapeutic one
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true
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These are five things that must be on a ELDU label
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1. name and address of prescribing vet
2. Name of the drug 3. Direction for use and ID of animals 4. any cautionary statements 5. w/drawl, w/holding times |
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How long must you keep records for any ELDU rx's you make
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2 years
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This is the most economically important dz of beef cattle
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Bovine Respiratory Dz (BRD)
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What factors play a role in BRD
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Environment (dust, temp)
Stress Viruses Bacteria |
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Which bacteria causes the most deaths in BRD
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mannheimia haemolytica (has a leukotoxin)
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What must we remember about mycoplasma bovis when we are tx'ing it
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extremely poor response to treatment
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You suspect a cow to have BRD. She has the all of the following as well: septicemia, TME, myocarditis, polyserositis, painful pleuritis. What might be the culprit
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Histophilus somnus
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in general, bronchopneumonia is caused by
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viruses and bacteria
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in general pneumonia is caused by
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viruses or toxins
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in general, metastatic pneumonia is caused by
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rumenitis and live abscesses (caudal vena cava syndrome)
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How do we tx BRD (very general)
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isolate those affected, but if more than 10-20% of herd is infected treat everyone
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These are the two keys to prevention of BRD
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Vaccinate
Reduce stress |
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true or false: the vaccine for histophilus somni gives better protection against TEME than BRD, really
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true
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Is the vaccine for mycoplasma bovis any good
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its rather questionable
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This proceedure can commonly lead to sinusitis
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dehorning
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How might one prevent infx after dehorning
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use a polled breed!
dehorn early older animals use cosmetic dehorning don't dehorn during fly season |
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Calf diphtheria or necrotic laryngitis is caused by
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fusobacterium necrophorum
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what is the common age of calves infected by calf diphtheria
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3-20mths
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You see a calf with:
cough is a honker open mouth breathing with extended head and neck what is it |
Fusobacterium...Calf diphtheria or necrotizing laryngitis
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What are some tx for calf diphtheria
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Tracheostomy (hospital)
Sulfa, PPG NSAIDs Dexamethasone |
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What causes fog fever
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lush legume pastures high in l-tryptophane
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What does L-tryptophane b/c in the rumen (causes fog fever)
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3-methylindole
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How might one treat fog fever
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ionophores 1 week prior and ten days after lush, legume pasture
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Fog fever is a cause of
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atypical interstitial pneumonia
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what are necropsy finds of AIP
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interstitial emphysema and pulmonary edema, froth in trachea, airway hemorrhages
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Which gender has a higher incidence of AIP
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females
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this is the #1 cause of lameness
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Interdigital necrobacillosis (foot rot)-fusobacterium
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What causes toe abscesses
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trauma to the tip of the hoof
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how do you tx toe abscess
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toe tipping (and maybe a bandage)
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What are some bacterial causes of septic arthritis
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H. Somni
m. bovis E coli F. Necrophorum a. pyo |
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who commonly gets DJD
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show cattle, bulls, animals with straight hocks
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What causes laminitis in feedlot cattle
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high carbohydrate feed
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Do we tx interdigital fibroma
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not usually, unless they are causing a lameness, then sx
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What animal get spastic paresis and which get spastic syndrome
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young animals=paresis
old animals (>3years)=syndrome (senior=syndrom, young are just lazy) |
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these are the two tx for spastic paresis
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partial neurectomy of tibial nerve or
tenotomy of the 2 insertions of gastrocnemius into the calcaneus |
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what do beets, turnips, hedge apples, apples, feed, and external compression all have in common
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They can cause choke
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how can you distinguish primary and 2nd bloat
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1= frothy (stable foam traps gas)
2= free gass (dysfx of esophagus or rumen motility) |
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Treat bloat with
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mineral oil or poloxalene
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In a brood cow what does ketosis commonly require
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c-section
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Brood cows get the following four dz's
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dystocia (high birth weights)
Mastitis Retained placenta (manual extraction leads to increased uterine dz) Ketosis |
