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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where do you get an intestinal voluvlus
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at the root of the mesentery
omentum and all mesentery gets twisted- no blood supply |
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when will a cow start colicing like a horse
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when they have intestinal volvulus, they will throw themselves on the ground, kick their belly, and vocalize
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rectally what can you palpate with a IV
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going to feel the voluvlus and the loops of dilated bowel
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tx for IV
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surgery
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trichobenzoars in cows
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will usually sit in the rumen, sometimes travel into the intestines and cause blockage
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CS of trichobenzoars
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usually seen in calves
go off feed abdomen may be distended pain inc., dehydration |
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how can you dx trichobenzoars
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US
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tx for trichobenzoars
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sx correction
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intuss in cow CS
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vague signs of colic
abd pain inc. HR abdomen distends |
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what will you see on US with intuss
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bulls eye lesion
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what happens to fecal production in cows with intuss
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stops
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mesenteric fat necrosis
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inflammatory response around degenerating adipose cells
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what cause mesenteric fat necorsosi
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when grass has endophyes on it causes the fat to calcify, intestines cant get normal peristaltic motion
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CS of mesenteric fat
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wt los
anorexia diarrhea abdominal enlargement off-feed pings |
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what kind of cows get mesenterinc fat necrosis
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guenersy
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what can you find on rectal exam with a cow with mesenteric fat necoriss
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rectal strictures may occur, making rectal exam of the abdomen impossible
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dx of mesenteric fat necrosis
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exploratory lapatotomy
necropsy |
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tx of mesenteric fat necrosis
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no tx approved for cattle in US
isoprotihilane is a fungicide that has been used experimentally used with limited success |
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cecal dilatation
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tend to occur in dairy cattle, usually within 60 days after parturition, can occur anytime, escae of fermentable carbs fromt he foresomach
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pathophys of cecal dilatation
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cecal flora metabolize these carbs into VFAs, methane, and CO2
this reduces motility and inc. gas production |
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CS of cecal dilation
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reduced appetitte
dec. milk production right PLF (paralumbar fossa) may be distending dec. manure |
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dx of CD
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rectal
sometimes these cecum can torse on themselves and cause a volvulus |
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CS of cecal volucua
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anorexia
aglacita |
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tx of cecal volulus dilatoin
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dilation- antacids, laxatives, oral/IV fluid, high fiber diet (HAY!)
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tx of cecal volvulus
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sx
IV fluids antibiotics NSAIDs |
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atresia coli
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neonate normal at birth
abdomen becomes distended after several feedings colic/depression with no fecal production |
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atresia ani
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can you put the thermometer in, nope
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dx of atresia coli
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hx, PE, have to do a contrast radiograph
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rectal prolapse who gets it
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small ruminants, feed lot cattle
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what causes rectal prolapse
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coccidia or pneumonia
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rectal prolapse in sheep
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when their tails are docked too short and you mess up their nerves
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tx for rectal prolapse
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tx underlying causes
then do purse string |
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clostridium black leg
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snovii find them dead, or emphysematous legs
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what can you use for tx of clostridium
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peniliciin
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clostridium perfingens
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anaerobic spore former
a, c and d are most common difficult to dx they all die |
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dx of clostridium perfingens
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PCR
need samples from freshly dead animal |
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hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
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acute, fatal dz of dairy cattle
type A clostridium perfingens |
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what does type A c. per fringes cause in the GIT of dairy cows
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intrualminal clot lunn saw one that was 12 feet long
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signalment of HBS
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all stages of lactation but tend to be <100 days in milk
median days 104 often foudn dead or moribund |
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CS of HBS
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+/- colic
inconsistent pale mm cold extremities dehydration rapid, weak pulse |
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what happens over time with a HBS cow
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their abdomen keeps expanding
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rectal palpation of HBS
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small bowel distension
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what will you see on US of HBS
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put caual PLF you can see a big clot in dilated intestines
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if you're not convinced or you don't have a US for HBS what can you do
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measure the abdominal circumference
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clin path HBS
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hyperglycemia, glucosuria, azotemia, low Na+, low k+, low Cl-, metabolic acidosis
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unlike a DA what will clin path be on HBS
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low sodium too
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tx of HBS
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systemic abx (pen, oxytet)
IV fluid clostridium perfringens C and D antitoxin laxatives, adsorbents PO pro kinetic drugs- metoclopramide, castor oil, neostigmine |
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sx of HBS
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right paralumbar lapartomy- they don't deal well with standing sx for this so do general anesthesia.
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pre-op tx for sx of HBS
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IV fluids, NSAIDs, narcotics (morpine IV and/ or epidural)
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what will lidocaine do if you give it epidural that morphine wont
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takes away motor function
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clostridium perfringens A combines with what
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aspergillus
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dx of C. perfrigens type A
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isolate from lesion site in high numbers and with aspergillus
fecal cutters are not diagnostics |
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prog of HBS
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poor
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what is omnigen
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dietary supplement with yeast and b-vitamins somehow kinda helps with prevention of HBS in a herd
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is there a vax for type a c. perf
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yes
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px of c. perf
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make sure you don't feed them moldy food
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enterotoxemia
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clostridium perfringens type C and D
overeating dz, pulpy kidney dz |
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classic history of enter toxemia
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fast growing lambs or kids
lush pasture or high grain diet or lost of milk over-abundance of carbs in the intestines leads to overgrowth of clostridium |
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what do you recommend for lambs or kids that are eating too much
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make their milk cold so they slow down
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which c. perf causes an exotoxin
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type DX
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what does the exotoxin do
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increases intestinal permeability
necrosis of mucosa and submucosa edema in a variety of organs, notably te lngs |
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pathophys c.perf
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epsiolon exotoxin leads to encephmalacia neuro signs may develop in some aniasl
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what is the result of th epsilon-toxicity
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hyperglycemia and glucosura are the result of mass ice hepatic glycogen release caused by this toxin
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CS of c. perf
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severe depression
complete anorexia colic/pain diarrhea (may be bloody) fever |
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CS of c. perf cont
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sudden death of well fed, rapidly growing aiimasl
ataxia, trembling, stiff gait, opisthonous, confulsoins, coma |
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Clin path of c. perf
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neutorphillic
azotemia hyperglycemia glucosurea |
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dx of c. perf
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PCR of gut contents- must be fresh
gross necropsy may be enough, bright red from hyperemia |
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tx of c. perf
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antibiotics (penicillin)
NSAIDs fluids type D antitoxin (saanen goats may have a rxn) |
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px of c. perf
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diet adjusted to bring the carb level down
graze for 10-20 min, working up full access by the end of the week vaccination- two doses give 14-56 days apart before heavy grain feeding |
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is it OK to not give c.perf vaccines to small ruminants or camelids
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its malpractice if you don't
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johnes dz
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diarrhea pipe stream, BAR, skinny
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what is the organism of johnes
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mycobacterium paratuberculosis
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how long is the incubation time for johns
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> 2 years
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when do cows pick up johnes
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when they are babies, its transmitted fecal-oral
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what happens with johnes ?
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PLE, weight loss, diarrhea (not sm. ruminants wont get screaming diarrhea from it since they have pelleted feces)
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CS of johnes ind. signs
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about 95% wont ever show signs
5% show wt. loss then intermittent diarrhea CS in animals > 2 yo culled before dx usually |
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herd signs of johnes
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one animal with chronic diarrhea then another several months later
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what does johnes do to the intestsintes paht
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granulomatous response all over the intestine cant absorb
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pathophy of johnes
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fecal-oral, M-cells myobacterium from intestines to peyers patches on ileum, phagocytozed by macrophages (intracellular pathogen), granulomatous infiltrate causes malabsorption takes 15 mo. from infection to CS
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Type I immune jonhes
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degranulation of mast cells- diarrhea
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type III immune johnes
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Ag/Ab complex
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type IV johnes immunological
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delayed type hypersensitivity
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CS of johnes
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often in two or three yo cow near calving
starts out as intermittent diarrhea progresses to severe diarrhea |
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CS of johnes cont
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dehydration is not a prominent signs
chronic wt. loss hypoproteinemia (bottle jaw) death or culling due to the dz is inevitable |
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clin path of johnes
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hypoproteinemia
loss of albumin |
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who is most susceptible to getting johnes
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< 6 mo infection depedn on number of organisms ingested
defense of host infected calves may recover spontaneously , become carriers, develop CS |
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mode of transmission johnes
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manure, semen, urine
milk and colostrum if they don't clean udder before milking her newborn calves are susceptible fecal-oral transmission in utero |
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dx of johnes
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AGID and ElISA good sensitivity if animal has CS
takes time to build up Ab titer skinny cow with diarrhea- good candidate for testing normal cow may be positive but not enough Ab.s to test positive |
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gold standard of johnes dx
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fecal culuture but its very slow growing takes about 12-16 wks
good for testing the whole herd |
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who are fecal cultures for johnes not reliable in
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sheep
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more dx for johnes
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can do rectal scraping/biopsy to see acid-fast organism not extremely sensitive good specificity
necropsy- thickening of ileocecal jxn, enlarged mesenteric ln. |
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who doesnt really show anything with johnes
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sheep
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testing and control of johnes
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most herd test in is a combination of ELISA and fecal culture.
ELISA will detect less than 50% of positive animals |
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control of johnes
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protect calves from adults, milk and manure can infect
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biosecruity of johnes
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reduce manure contamination
for milk- pasteurize the milk it will kill off the johnes |
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tx for johnes
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no legal treatment
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what kind of drug can be used for sm. pet ruminants with johnes
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isopurinum its the old TB drug for humans
NEVER do this is FOOD ANIMALS |
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salmonella
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zoonotic
can kill most dz is subclinical can have acute endotoxic form true carrier states- asymptomatic carriers, contamination of milk and colostrum |
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what is the most likely salmonella to be shed to humans
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s. typhimurium zoonotic, drug resistant
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what is the host adapted salmonella in cattle
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s. dublin
lifelong carrier status possible |
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what is the samonellosis pathophys
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host resistance- infectious dose-strain virulence
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what population of cows are susceptive for infection of salmonella
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babies
and cows about to calve stressed |
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transmission of salmonella
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fecal oral can be from rodents or birds
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where does salmonella like to live
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its intracellular, loves the lymphatic system these guys get pneumonia as well
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acute salmonellosis
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cows near time calving
fever, depression, severe drop in milk production, fetid, watery diarrhea (inflammatory process) anorexia promotes rumen growth of salmonella (VFA inhib) |
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neonatal salmonellosis
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less than 2 months of age, fed milk from chronic carrier, fever, dehydration, weakness, watery diarrhea (mucosa, fibrin, blood)
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septicemic slamonellosis
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s. dublin
all ages affected but calves more likely to become seriously ill zoonotic, endotoxemia, enteritis, meningitis, pneumonia, arthritis sometimes they are so dehydrated and septicemic that they wil slough their ears |
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clin path of salmonella
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neutropenia/ lymphopenia (early)
neutrophllic (later) fibriogen inc azotemia total protein may decrease due to albumin loss |
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dx of salmonellosis
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fecal culture
if carrier have to do serial cultures rectal biopsy and culture serology- ELISA for S. dublin herd screeinging for carrier animals PCR-bulk milk screening |
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tx of salmonelloisis
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supportve care
iv fluids NSAIDs for septic form only abx florfenicol ceftiofur TMS ampicillin ISOLATION |
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control of salmonellosis
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host adapted strains
pasteurization of colostrum testing for carriers and culling ELISA, culture vaccine- more against gram neg core Ag , will build up some immunity |
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if its s. typhimruim
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look for rodents and birds
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winter dysentery
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winter diarrhea in dairy cows in a barn
morb high coronavirus recovery spontaneous |
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CS os winter dysentery
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pipe stream diarrhea for about 2 days
anorexia spontaneously get better |
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do winter dysentery cows need tx
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no they usually recovery w/o tx at most oral fluids
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CS of winter dysentery cont
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high morb low mort
low grade fever some coughing |
