Food Animal Brickbrain Renal

Front 1

what is the structure of the bovine kidney how is it different from other animals

Back 1

bovine kidney is lobulated. multipyramidal type
separate medullary pyramids capped by a continuous cortex
each medullary pyramid that fits into a calyx formed by a terminal ureter branch.
terminal ureter branch-> forms a single ureter

Front 2

what do urine dipsticks rely on to detect acetoacetate and acetone

Back 2

nitroprusside

Front 3

does B-hydroxybutyrate react with nitroprusside

Back 3

fuck no; and that is the importatn one

Front 4

what are acetone and B-hydroxybutyrate derived from

Back 4

acetoacetate

Front 5

what is assumed to be present if a urine ketone test is positive in a bovine

Back 5

acetone and B-hydroxybutyrate

Front 6

if B-hydroxybutyrate predominates will you have a neg or positve ketone test

Back 6

negative

Front 7

what can cause a false positive for proteinuria on a urine dipstick

Back 7

highly alkaline urine in ruminants

Front 8

who can have proteinuria and its OK

Back 8

neonatal ruminants less than 2 days old that have ingested adequate colostrum

Front 9

what can cause proteinuria?

Back 9

any insult to the glomeruli or tubules could lead to mild or moderate proteinuria
(renal infarcts, glomerulonepthritis, tubular nephrosis, amyloidosis, pyelonephritis, inflammation, urine mixed with vag discharge)

Front 10

what causes glycosuria- basic stuff-

Back 10

blood glucose spilling over into the urine
renal threshold in ruminants > 80-100 mg/dL in peripheral blood

Front 11

what can cause a false positive glycosuria

Back 11

penicillin, tetracycline, asprin

Front 12

what is the best way to dx hematuria

Back 12

microscopic is best

Front 13

what can't a urine dipstick differentiate hematuria from

Back 13

hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or myobloinuria

Front 14

where can hematuria originate from

Back 14

kidney, urethra, ureter, bladder, or vagina

Front 15

what can frank blood in the urine be caused by

Back 15

pyelonephritis, calculi, or cystitis

Front 16

what color is myoglobinuria and what causes it

Back 16

brown to brownish-red
causes:
exertional myopathy
downer cows
coffee weed poisoning
diffuse nutritional myopath (vit E/ sel def)

Front 17

what color is hemoglobinuria and what causes it

Back 17

reddish urine due to marked intravascular hemolysis that exceeds renal threshold
causes- water intoxication, hypotonic IV fluids, onion, rye grass, bacillary hemoglobinuria, leptosporsis (calves), babesiosis, post parturient hemoglobinuria, some plants and heavy metals

Front 18

what causes bilirubinuria

Back 18

obstructive jaundice (rare), caused by: biliary stones, abscess, neoplasia

Front 19

is urobilnogen of diagnostic use in cattle?

Back 19

no

Front 20

what causes urine leukocytosis

Back 20

UTI, infection, obstruction, cystitis
1-5 WBC/ HPF is NORMAL
gross pyuria= pyelonephritis or cystitis

Front 21

when will you see hyaline casts

Back 21

they are protein and when there is severe nephrosis

Front 22

when will you see granular casts

Back 22

when there is damage to the tubular epithelium

Front 23

what is fraction excretion for urinary tract dz test

Back 23

collect current urine and serum samples

Front 24

what is the fractional excretion equation

Back 24

FE= ((urine Na x Serum Cr)/ (urine Cr x serum Na)) x 100

Front 25

what does it mean if you have a low fractional excretion

Back 25

Na retention by kindey= pre-renal problem

Front 26

what does it mean if you have a high fractional excretion

Back 26

Na wasting by kidney = intrinsic pathway

Front 27

what is the normal FE of Na+ in sheep?

Back 27

< 1%

Front 28

what does > 1% Na+ of FE in sheep mean

Back 28

primary tubular dz or Na+ toxicosis

Front 29

what is the etiology of ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis (enzootic balanoposthisis, pizzle rot, sheath rot)

Back 29

dz of ext. genitalia of male small ruminants. occasionally females and cattle. most common in OLDER males. affects lambs < 6mo

Front 30

which breeds of sheep are more affected by ulcerative posthitis

Back 30

merino and angora breeds due to their dense wool and hair coats

Front 31

when will you see hyaline casts

Back 31

they are protein and when there is severe nephrosis

Front 32

when will you see granular casts

Back 32

when there is damage to the tubular epithelium

Front 33

what is fraction excretion for urinary tract dz test

Back 33

collect current urine and serum samples

Front 34

what is the fractional excretion equation

Back 34

FE= ((urine Na x Serum Cr)/ (urine Cr x serum Na)) x 100

Front 35

what does it mean if you have a low fractional excretion

Back 35

Na retention by kindey= pre-renal problem

Front 36

what does it mean if you have a high fractional excretion

Back 36

Na wasting by kidney = intrinsic pathway

Front 37

what is the normal FE of Na+ in sheep?

Back 37

< 1%

Front 38

what does > 1% Na+ of FE in sheep mean

Back 38

primary tubular dz or Na+ toxicosis

Front 39

what is the etiology of ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis (enzootic balanoposthisis, pizzle rot, sheath rot)

Back 39

dz of ext. genitalia of male small ruminants. occasionally females and cattle. most common in OLDER males. affects lambs < 6mo

Front 40

which breeds of sheep are more affected by ulcerative posthitis

Back 40

merino and angora breeds due to their dense wool and hair coats. the urethral orifice becomes urine soaked increasing the local urea concentration

Front 41

how is ulcerative posthitis transmitted

Back 41

contagious through necrotic debris from the ulcers
venereal transmission has been documented

Front 42

which bacteria causes ulcerative posthitis

Back 42

corynevbacterium renale its aerobic gram positive pleomorphic bacterium
normal flora of skin and ext genitalia

Front 43

where can cornebacterium renale live

Back 43

in wool and scabs for up to 6 months

Front 44

what provides protection for cornebacterium renale from freezing

Back 44

exudate

Front 45

what is required for induction and maintenance of ulcerative posthitis

Back 45

urine is required for induction and maintenance of the lesion. cornebacterium renale hydrolyzes urea to ammonia which causes ulcerations-> c. renale proliferates on genital mucosa in response to inc. urea concentrations -> diets high in crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, or diets high in legumes -> elevation of urinary urea concentration

Front 46

what are clinical signs of ulcerative posthitis in males

Back 46

moist ulcer at the mucocutantous jxn of the prepuce. little to no bleeding associated with scab removal.
focal swelling at cranial prepuce
painful palaption
infection spreads and cuaes fibrous adhesions between the penis and prepuce

Front 47

what are some CS of goats with ulcerative posthitis

Back 47

goats vocalize upon attempts to urinate. stricture of the urethral process, decreased breeding soundness

Front 48

what are clinical signs of ulcerative vulvulis in females

Back 48

ulcerative lesions can develop on the vulva nad perinuem of ewes and does, vulvular enlargement, dysuria, distortion of vulvular conformation which can impair copulation and or parturition

Front 49

d/dx for ulcerative posthitis and vulvulis

Back 49

ulcerative dermatosis (lip and leg ulcers)
contagious ecthyma (orf)

Front 50

what kind of virus is ulcerative dermatosis and what does it cause

Back 50

pox virus
granular lesions that bleed easily
ulcers on lips, nares, coronets, and interdigital spaces

Front 51

where and what lesions does contagious ecthyma (orf) cause

Back 51

effects genitalia occasionally
most often on lips, face, and udder
raised proliferative lesions with thick durable scab
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