Food And Biomolecules

Front 1

Biomolecules

Back 1

Chemicals found in living things

e.g. Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats + oils), Proteins + Vitamins

Front 2

Organic

Back 2

Contain carbon

Front 3

Examples of Inorganic Biomolecules

Back 3

Water + minerals

Front 4

Chemical Elements in Living Things

Back 4

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Phosphorous (P)

Front 5

Elements that make biomolecules

Back 5

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Front 6

Function of Nitrogen

Back 6

Growth (in protein)

Front 7

Function of Sulfur

Back 7

Makes proteins

Front 8

Function of Phosphorous

Back 8

Make energy (ATP)

Front 9

Chemical Elements in Dissolved Salts

Back 9

Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca)

Front 10

Trace Elements

Back 10

Elements needed in small amounts

e.g. Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn)

Front 11

Functions of food

Back 11

1. Produce heat + energy

2. Provide chemicals for growth + repair of cells

e.g. Enzymes + hormones

3. Controls an organism's metabolism

Front 12

Metabolism

Back 12

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Front 13

Organic Biomolecules

Back 13

Carbohydrates, lipids (fats + oils), protein, vitamins

Front 14

Elements in Carbohydrates

Back 14

Carbon, Hydrogen + Oxygen

Front 15

Formula of Carbohydrates

Back 15

Front 16

Types of Carbohydrates

Back 16

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Front 17

Monosaccharide

Back 17

- 1 sugar unit

- Soluble in water

- e.g. Glucose -> fruit

- Fructose - > fruit

Front 18

Disaccharide

Back 18

- 2 sugar units

- Soluble in water

e.g. Sucrose -> sugar

Lactose -> dairy

Front 19

Polysaccharide

Back 19

- Many sugar units

- Insoluble in water

e.g. Starch -> bread, potatoes

Cellulose -> fruit + veg cell walls

Glycogen -> human muscles

Front 20

Structural Role of Carbohydrates in the Body

Back 20

- Cellulose forms cell walls in plants. Cannot be digested by humans, but used as fibre (aids digestion + absorbs water)

- Chitin forms cell walls of fungi + skeleton on insects + crabs

Front 21

Structural Role

Back 21

How it builds up substances in the body

Front 22

Metabolic Role

Back 22

How it is used in the body

Front 23

Metabolic Role of Carbohydrates in the Body

Back 23

- Glucose provides energy

- Starch used as energy reserve in plants

- Glycogen used as energy reserve in animals. Glucose not used, converted to glycogen + stored in muscles + liver.

Front 24

Elements of Lipids

Back 24

Carbon, Hydrogen + Oxygen

Front 25

Difference between fats + oils

Back 25

At room temp: fats = solid, oils = liquid

Front 26

Types of Lipids

Back 26

Triglyceride + Phospholipid

Front 27

Structure of Triglyceride

Back 27

- Basic unit of lipid

- 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

- in foods

Front 28

Main components of Lipids

Back 28

Glycerol + fatty acids

Front 29

Structure of Phospholipid

Back 29

- Glycerol, 2 fatty acids +1 phosphate group

- Form cell membranes

- Made in body

Front 30

Sources of Lipids

Back 30

Dairy + red meat

Front 31

Structural Role of Lipids in the Body

Back 31

- Storage of energy over long periods of time

- Adipose tissue: layer of fat underneath skin needed for insulation

- Protect delicate organs e.g. Kidney

- Form cell membranes (phospholipids)

- Waterproof barrier formed by oils secreted by skin

Front 32

Metabolic Role of Lipids in the Body

Back 32

Release of energy

Front 33

Elements of Proteins

Back 33

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen + Nitrogen. Some contain Sulfur + Phosphorous.

Front 34

Structure of Protein

Back 34

- Made up of molecules (amino acids)

- Bond together through peptide bond

- Polypeptide Chain: many amino acids bonded together

- Chain can fold onto itself to create 3D shapes

Front 35

Types of Proteins

Back 35

Fibrous + Globular

Front 36

Fibrous Protein

Back 36

- Long fibres

- Little folding

- Strong + tough

e.g. Keratin (hair + nails)

Front 37

Globular Protein

Back 37

- Round in shape

- Lot of folding

e.g. Haemoglobin (blood)

Front 38

Sources of Protein

Back 38

Meat + Dairy

Front 39

Structural Role of Proteins in the Body

Back 39

- Keratin builds up skin + nails

- Myosin develops muscle fibres

Front 40

Metabolic Role of Proteins in the Body

Back 40

- Make enzymes which control chemical reactions in cells (e.g. Amylase)

- Make hormones that regulate body functions (e.g. Insulin)

- Make antibodies which fight infection

Front 41

Vitamins

Back 41

Organic biomolecules required in small amounts

Front 42

Types of Vitamins

Back 42

Water Soluble e.g. B and C

Fat Soluble e.g. A, D, E and K

Front 43

Another name for Vitamin C

Back 43

Ascorbic Acid

Front 44

Function of Vitamin C

Back 44

Forms connective tissue

e.g. Skin, gums

Front 45

Sources of Vitamin C

Back 45

Citrus fruits, kiwi

Front 46

Deficiency of Vitamin C

Back 46

Scurvy: bleeding gums + slow wound healing

Front 47

Another name for Vitamin D

Back 47

Calciferol

Front 48

Function of Vitamin D

Back 48

Aids absorption of calcium for bone development

Front 49

Sources of Vitamin D

Back 49

Dairy, sunshine

Front 50

Deficiency of Vitamin D

Back 50

Rickets: soft rounded bones in children

Front 51

Minerals

Back 51

Inorganic biomolecules required in small amounts

Front 52

Functions of Minerals

Back 52

- Make body structures

e.g. Calcium needed to make bones + teeth + joins plant cell walls

- Help form chemicals in body

e.g. Iron needed to make haemoglobin

Magnesium needed to make chlorophyll

- Control cell + body fluids

e.g. Sodium balances water + makes bodily fluids

Front 53

Minerals in Plants

Back 53

Calcium + Magnesium

Front 54

Source + Function of Calcium in Plants

Back 54

Source: salts in soil

Function: joins plant cell walls

Front 55

Source + Function of Magnesium in Plants

Back 55

Source: salts in soil

Function: forms chlorophyll

Front 56

Minerals in Animals

Back 56

Iron + Calcium

Front 57

Source + Function of Calcium in Animals

Back 57

Source: dairy + liver

Function: develop strong bones + teeth

Front 58

Source + Function of Iron in Animals

Back 58

Source: Red meat, dark green veg, liver

Function: forms haemoglobin in red blood cells

Front 59

% Water in Human Cells

Back 59

99%

Front 60

% of Water in Human Body

Back 60

60%

Front 61

% Water in Plants

Back 61

90%

Front 62

Importance of Water for Living Things

Back 62

1. Solvent (can dissolve substances), allows chemical reactions to occur

2. Major component of cytoplasm + body fluids (tissue fluid + blood)

3. Key role in chemical reactions. Provides oxygen for plant photosynthesis + produced in animal respiration.

4. Allows dissolved substances to pass in + out of cell membranes

5. Absorbs + retains heat which allows organisms to keep constant temp. (37°C)

Front 63

Types of Metabolism

Back 63

Anabolic + Catabolic

Front 64

Anabolic Reaction

Back 64

Smaller molecules build up to form larger molecules (Energy required)

e.g. Photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light

-> Glucose + Oxygen

Front 65

Catabolic Reaction

Back 65

Larger molecules broken down into smaller molecules. Energy released.

e.g. Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen + Enzymes

-> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy