Focus On Vocabulary 2

Front 1

Glacier

Back 1

A large mass of ice which moves slowly

Front 2

Stumbled upon (pv)

Back 2

To find or discover by chance

Front 3

Protruding (v)

Back 3

Stick out

To stick out from somewhere

Front 4

So-called (adj)

Back 4

-Use to describe someone or something that has been given a name that you think is wrong.

-Used to show that something or someone is usually called a particular name.

Hint 4

به اصطلاح

Front 5

Intact (adj)

Back 5

Not broken, damaged or spoiled

Front 6

Remarkably (adverb)

Back 6

In an amount ot to a degree that is unusual or surprising.

Front 7

Encounter (v)

Back 7

-To experience something, especially problems or opposition.

- formal- to meet someone without planning to

Front 8

Interact (v)

Back 8

If people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc

Front 9

Symbolize

Back 9

If something symbolizes a quality, feeling etc, it represent it

Front 10

Primitive (adj)

Back 10

Belonging to a simple way of life that existed in the past and does not have modern industries and machines.

Hint 10

اولیه بدوی

Front 11

Flowering of sth

Back 11

When something develops in a very successful way

Front 12

Flourish

Back 12

To develop well and be successful.

SYN: thrive

Front 13

Observe

Back 13

To see and notice something

To watch something or someone carefully

Front 14

Manipulate

Back 14

To make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, be skilfully deceiving or influencing them

Front 15

Diverse (adj)

Back 15

Very diffrent from each other

Front 16

Differ (v)

Back 16

To be different from something in some way

If two people or groups differ about something, they have opposite opinions

Front 17

Pesticides

Back 17

a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops

Front 18

Scoff (v)

Back 18

to eat something very quickly

Front 19

Conventional

Back 19

a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type

Front 20

Rather than

Back 20

instead of

Hint 20

به جای

Front 21

Unlike

Back 21

1-completely different from a particular person or thing

2-used when saying how one person or thing is different from another

Hint 21

برخلاف برعکس

Front 22

Man-made

Back 22

man-made materials and substances are not natural SYN artificial OPP natural

Hint 22

ساخته دست بشر

Front 23

Fertilizer

Back 23

a substance that is put on the soil to make plants grow

Hint 23

کود

Front 24

Crop rotation

Back 24

the practice of changing the crops that you grow in a field each year to preserve the good qualities in the soil

Hint 24

تناوب زراعی

Front 25

Compensate

Back 25

to replace or balance the effect of something bad

Hint 25

جبران کردن

Front 26

However

Back 26

1-used when you are adding a fact or piece of information that seems surprising, or seems very different from what you have just said SYN nevertheless

2-used to say that it does not matter how big, good, serious etc something is because it will not change a situation in any way SYN no matter how

Hint 26

با این حال

Front 27

Severe

Back 27

Very serious severe problems, injuries, illnesses etc are very bad or very serious

Hint 27

شدید

Front 28

Inhibition

Back 28

a feeling of shyness or embarrassment that stops you doing or saying what you really want

Hint 28

بازداری

Front 29

Imitate

Back 29

to copy the way someone behaves, speaks, moves etc, especially in order to make people laugh

Hint 29

تقلید

Front 30

Millennium

Back 30

a period of 1,000 years

Front 31

Fundamental

Back 31

Relating to the most basic and important parts of something

fundamental to"Water is fundamental to survival."

Hint 31

اساسی بنیادی واجب

Front 32

Bygone (adj)

Back 32

A period of time in the past

(Bygone age/era/days)

Hint 32

دیرین

Front 33

Modern-day (adj)

Back 33

existing in the present time – used when comparing someone or something to a person or thing in the past SYN present-day contemporary

Hint 33

امروزی

Front 34

Irrigate (v)

Back 34

to supply land or crops with waterThe water in Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area.

Irrigation (noun)

Hint 34

آبیاری

Front 35

Significance

Back 35

The importance of an event, action etc, especially because of the effects or influence it will have in the future OPP insignificanceStella didn’t attach any significance to Doug’s query.significance ofthe significance of climate change

Hint 35

اهمیت

Front 36

Utilitarian (adj)

Back 36

1) (formal) intended to be useful and practical rather than attractive or comfortable"ugly utilitarian buildings"2) based on a belief in utilitarianism

Hint 36

سودگرایانه سودمند

Front 37

Heyday

Back 37

the time when someone or something was most popular, successful, or powerfulin somebody’s heyday"Greta Garbo in her heyday"

Front 38

astro

Back 38

star""

Front 39

Atmosphere

Back 39

The atmosphere is the air surrounding Earth. It is made up mostly of gases. The primary gases are nitrogen and oxygen. Gases in the atmosphere create air for us to breathe, and they protect Earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. The atmosphere is also where weather conditions, such as clouds and storms, form.

Front 40

Biosphere

Back 40

The biosphere is made up of all the living things on Earth. It includes humans, animals, and plants. Life on Earth is very diverse, but all living things share certain features. For example, they all eat, breathe, and grow.

Front 41

Constellations

Back 41

groups of stars that form imaginary pictures and have names

Front 42

Crust

Back 42

thin layer of rock that covers the whole planet or Earth's hard outer layer

Front 43

Extra–solar planets

Back 43

planets outside of our solar system

Front 44

Galaxy

Back 44

a group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity

Front 45

Gas giant planet

Back 45

a planet made of gases, not solid rock

Front 46

Glacier

Back 46

a very large amount of ice that moves slowly over land

Front 47

Hydrosphere

Back 47

The hydrosphere is all the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, rain, and snow. Water covers more than 70 percent of Earth. Approximately 97 percent of Earth's water is saltwater from oceans, and 3 percent is freshwater from glaciers, lakes, rivers, and groundwater (water under the ground).

Front 48

Lithosphere

Back 48

The lithosphere is the hard surface of Earth. It has two layers. The first layer is the crust. The crust is a thin layer of rock that covers the whole planet. Its thickness ranges from about 5 to 80 kilometers. The second layer is called the mantle. The mantle is directly under the crust. The lithosphere is not one solid piece of rock. It is made up of many smaller pieces called plates.

Front 49

Orbit

Back 49

travel in a circle around a larger object

Front 50

sol (Solar System)

Back 50

sun""

Front 51

Solar system

Back 51

the sun and the planets that move around it

Front 52

Supernova

Back 52

extremely bright explosion of a star

Front 53

terr (terrestrial)

Back 53

earth" or "land""

Front 54

Terrestrial planet

Back 54

a planet with a solid, rocky surface

Front 55

Ultraviolet radiation

Back 55

a form of energy that comes from the sun in rays, or lines, that we cannot see Chapter

Front 56

Abstruse

Back 56

unnecessarily complicated and difficult to understandMaths is a mix of abstruse theory and detailed calculations.

Front 57

Saliva

Back 57

the liquid that is produced naturally in your mouth syn:spit

Hint 57

بزاق

Front 58

Spoilage

Back 58

waste resulting from something being spoiled

Hint 58

فساد

Front 59

Prawn

Back 59

a small pink SHELLFISH that can be eaten SYN shrimpa prawn sandwichprawn cocktail (=a small dish of prawns in a sauce with some salad)

Hint 59

میگو

Front 60

Whopping (adj)

Back 60

Very large

A whopping fee

Front 61

Membrane

Back 61

1) a very thin piece of skin that covers or connects parts of your bodyLoud noise can damage the delicate membrane in the ear.2) a very thin layer of material that covers something— membranous /ˈmembrənəs/ adjective

Hint 61

پوسته غشا

Front 62

Mushy

Back 62

1) soft, wet, and unpleasantCook for two minutes until soft but not mushy.2) expressing or describing love in a silly waymushy romance novels

Front 63

Precision

Back 63

the quality of being very exact or correct

Hint 63

دقت

Front 64

Dispute

Back 64

to say that something such as a fact or idea is not correct or true

Hint 64

اختلاف نزاع مشاجره

Front 65

Nevertheless

Back 65

in spite of a fact that you have just mentioned SYN nonethelessWhat you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.

Hint 65

با این وجود

Front 66

Obvious

Back 66

easy to notice or understandThe obvious way of reducing pollution is to use cars less.it is obvious (that)It was obvious that Gina was lying.

Hint 66

آشکار بدیهی

Front 67

In contrast

Back 67

.

Hint 67

بر خلاف

Front 68

Surplus

Back 68

an amount of something that is more than what is needed or used SYN excessAny surplus can be trimmed away.surplus ofa surplus of crude oil

Hint 68

مازاد اضافه

Front 69

Adequate

Back 69

enough in quantity or of a good enough quality for a particular purpose SYN sufficient OPP inadequate

Hint 69

کافی مناسب

Front 70

Nonetheless

Back 70

in spite of the fact that has just been mentioned SYN neverthelessThe region was extremely beautiful. Nonetheless Gerard could not imagine spending the rest of his life there.The paintings are complex, but have plenty of appeal nonetheless.

Hint 70

با اینحال، با این وجود

Front 71

Fluctuate

Back 71

if a price or amount fluctuates, it keeps changing and becoming higher and lower SYN varyfluctuate betweenPrices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40.fluctuate aroundThe number of children in the school fluctuates around 100.Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year.

Hint 71

در نوسان

Front 72

Allocate

Back 72

to use something for a particular purpose, give something to a particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been madeallocate something to somebody/somethingthe importance of allocating resources to local communitiesYou should allocate the same amount of time to each question.allocate something for somethingOne million dollars was allocated for disaster relief.allocate somebody/something somethingSeveral patients were waiting to be allocated a bed.

Hint 72

تخصیص دادن اختصاص یافتن

Front 73

Discrete

Back 73

/dɪˈskriːt/ adjectiveclearly separateThe change happens in a series of discrete steps.— discretely adverb— discreteness noun [U]

Hint 73

مجزا، گسسته

Front 74

Ensure

Back 74

ɪnˈʆʊə $ -ˈʆʊr/ (especially BrE) also insure (AmE) verb [T]to make certain that something will happen properly SYN make surefacilities to ensure the safety of cyclistsensure (that)The hospital tries to ensure that people are seen quickly.

Hint 74

اطمینان حاصل شدن

Front 75

Sustainable

Back 75

/səˈsteɪnəbl/ adjective1) able to continue without causing damage to the environmentThe government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture.the sustainable use of rainforest resourcesCycling is a totally sustainable form of transport. environmentally sustainable development2) able to continue for a long timeThe party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic growth.— sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlti/ noun [U]

Hint 75

پایدار

Front 76

Precisely

Back 76

prɪˈsaɪsli/ adverb1) exactly and correctly SYN exactlyTemperature can be measured precisely.He arrived at precisely four o'clock.precisely what/how/where etcIt is difficult to know precisely how much impact the changes will have.What, precisely, does that mean?Lathes make wheels, or, more precisely, they make cylindrical objects.2) used to emphasize that a particular thing is completely true or correctWomen in these jobs are paid less precisely because most of the jobs are held by women rather than men.She’s precisely the kind of person we’re looking for.

Hint 76

دقیقا

Front 77

Inevitable

Back 77

ɪˈnevtəbl/ adjective1) certain to happen and impossible to avoidA further escalation of the crisis now seems inevitable.it is inevitable (that)It’s inevitable that doctors will make the occasional mistake.inevitable consequence/resultDisease was an inevitable consequence of poor living conditions.2) the inevitable a situation that is certain to happenOne day the inevitable happened and I got a speeding ticket.

Hint 77

اجتناب ناپذیر

Front 78

Attain

Back 78

/əˈteɪn/ verb [T] (formal)1) to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long timeMore women are attaining positions of power.2) to reach a particular level, age, size etcShare prices attained a high of $3.27.After a year she had attained her ideal weight.— attainable adjectiveThis target should be attainable.

Hint 78

رسیدن دست یافتن

Front 79

Diverse

Back 79

/daɪˈvɜːs $ dˈvɜːrs, daɪ-/adjectivevery different from each othersubjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology— diversely adverb

Hint 79

متنوع گوناگون مختلف

Front 80

Livelihood

Back 80

ˈlaɪvlihʊd/ noun [C,U]the way you earn money in order to livea means/source of livelihoodFishing is the main source of livelihood for many people in the area. It’s difficult to earn a livelihood as an artist.Bates says he will lose his livelihood if his driving licence is taken away.

Hint 80

امرار معاش، معیشت

Front 81

Scarcity

Back 81

ˈskeəsti $ ˈsker-/noun [singular]a situation in which there is not enough of something SYN lackscarcity ofthe scarcity of employment opportunities

Hint 81

کمبود، کمیابی

Front 82

Anxiety

Back 82

/æŋˈzaɪəti/ noun (plural anxieties)1) [C,U] the feeling of being very worried about something SYN concernanxiety about/overThere is considerable anxiety among staff about job losses.There is growing public anxiety over levels of air pollution in our cities.deep/acute/great anxietyThe fear of unemployment can be a source of deep anxiety to people. his feelings of anxietyA high level of anxiety was created by the introduction of cameras into the factory.It can help if you discuss your anxieties with someone.2) [U] a feeling of wanting to do something very muchanxiety to do somethingI nearly fell in my anxiety to get downstairs quickly.

Hint 82

اضطراب، تشویش، نگرانی

Front 83

Endangere

Back 83

/ɪnˈdeɪndʒə $ -ər/verb [T]to put someone or something in danger of being hurt, damaged, or destroyedSmoking during pregnancy endangers your baby’s life.— endangered adjectiveThe lizards are classed as an endangered species (=one that soon may no longer exist) .— endangerment noun [U] (legal)charges of child endangerment

Hint 83

در معرض خطر

Front 84

Destruction

Back 84

dɪˈstrʌkʆn/ noun [U]the act or process of destroying something or of being destroyed → destroydestruction ofthe destruction of the rainforest weapons of mass destructionthe environmental destruction caused by the road building programmeThe floods brought death and destruction to the area.

Hint 84

تخریب انهدام نابودی

Front 85

Habitat

Back 85

ˈhæbtæt/ noun [C,U]the natural home of a plant or animalwatching monkeys in their natural habitatThe grassland is an important habitat for many wild flowers.

Hint 85

محل سکونت، زیستگاه، بوم

Front 86

Emission

Back 86

ɪˈmɪʆn/ noun1) [C usually plural] a gas or other substance that is sent into the airBritain agreed to cut emissions of nitrogen oxide from power stations.2) [U] the act of sending out light, heat, gas etc

Hint 86

نشر، خروج

Front 87

Conservation

Back 87

ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʆn $ ˌkɑːnsər-/noun [U]1) the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them from being spoiled or destroyed SYN preservation → conservewildlife conservationa local conservation groupconservation ofconservation of the countryside2) when you prevent something from being lost or wasted → conserveenergy conservationconservation ofthe conservation of resources through recycling

Hint 87

حفاظت، نگهداری، حفظ منابع طبیعی

Front 88

Monuments

Back 88

a very old building or place that is important historically

Hint 88

اثر تاریخی